Novel indoles are cannabinoid receptor ligands

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides novel compounds of Formula (I) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     which are CB 2  selective ligands useful for the treatment of pain.

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/637,987 filed Dec. 21, 2004, incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to indole derivatives, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of treating conditions and disorders using such compounds and compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(−)-Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), the major psychoactive constituent of marijuana, exerts a broad range of therapeutic effects through its interactions with two cannabinoid (CB) receptor subtypes, CB₁ and CB₂. CB₁ receptors are highly expressed in the central nervous system and to a lesser degree in the periphery in a variety of tissues of the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. By contrast, CB₂ receptors are most abundantly expressed in multiple lymphoid organs and cells of the immune system, including spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow, pancreas and mast cells.

The psychotropic side effects caused by Δ⁹-THC and other nonselective CB agonists are mediated by CB₁ receptors. These CB₁ receptor-mediated effects, such as euphoria, sedation, hypothermia, catalepsy, and anxiety, have limited the development and clinical utility of nonselective CB agonists. Recent studies have demonstrated that CB₂-selective modulators are analgesic in preclinical models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain without causing the adverse side effects associated with CB₁ receptor activation. Therefore, compounds that selectively target CB₂ receptors are an attractive approach for the development of novel analgesics.

Pain is the most common symptom of disease and the most frequent complaint with which patients present to physicians. Pain is commonly segmented by duration (acute vs. chronic), intensity (mild, moderate, and severe), and type (nociceptive vs. neuropathic).

Nociceptive pain is the most well known type of pain, and is caused by tissue injury detected by nociceptors at the site of injury. After the injury, the site becomes a source of ongoing pain and tenderness. This pain and tenderness are considered “acute” nociceptive pain. This pain and tenderness gradually diminish as healing progresses and disappear when healing is complete. Examples of acute nociceptive pain include surgical procedures (post-op pain) and bone fractures. Even though there may be no permanent nerve damage, “chronic” nociceptive pain results from some conditions when pain extends beyond six months. Examples of chronic nociceptive pain include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and musculoskeletal conditions (e.g., back pain), cancer pain, etc.

Neuropathic pain is defined as “pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system” by the International Association for the Study of Pain. Neuropathic pain is not associated with nociceptive stimulation, although the passage of nerve impulses that is ultimately perceived as pain by the brain is the same in both nociceptive and neuropathic pain. The term neuropathic pain encompasses a wide range of pain syndromes of diverse etiologies. The three most commonly diagnosed pain types of neuropathic nature are diabetic neuropathy, cancer neuropathy, and HIV pain. In addition, neuropathic pain is diagnosed in patients with a wide range of other disorders, including trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, traumatic neuralgia, phantom limb, as well as a number of other disorders of ill-defined or unknown origin.

Managing the spectrum of pain etiologies remains a major public health problem and both patients and clinicians are seeking improved strategies to effectively manage pain. No currently available therapies or drugs effectively treat all types of nociceptive and neuropathic pain states. The compounds of the present invention are novel CB₂ receptor modulators that have utility in treating pain, including nociceptive and neuropathic pain.

The location of CB₂ receptors on the surface of immune cells suggests a role for these receptors in immunomodulation and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that CB₂ receptor ligands have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, compounds that selectively interact with CB₂ receptors offer a unique pharmacotherapy for the treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In the principle embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, arylalkyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, azidoalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, haloalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclealkyl, heterocyclealkylcarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, (NR_(C)R_(D))alkyl, -LOR₂, -LSR₂, -LS(O)R₂, and -LS(O)₂R₂;

L is alkylene;

R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, carboxyalkenylcarbonyl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkenylcarbonyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, and (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkylcarbonyl;

R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, and haloalkyl;

R₄ is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, wherein the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and cyclopentyl are substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, oxo, —NR_(E)R_(F), (NR_(E)R_(F))alkyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))carbonyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonyl, and (NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonylalkyl, wherein the cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, oxo, —NR_(E)R_(F), (NR_(E)R_(F))alkyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))carbonyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonyl, and (NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonylalkyl;

R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinylalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkylsulfonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkylthio, arylcarbonyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkenyl, carboxyalkenylcarbonyl, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyalkylcarbonyl, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, cyanoalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxy, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryloxyalkyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkoxy, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, heterocyclealkyl, heterocycleoxy, heterocycleoxyalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl, (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(M)R_(N))sulfonyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))sulfonylalkyl;

R_(A), R_(B), R_(G), R_(H), R_(M), and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; and

R_(C), R_(D), R_(E), R_(F), R_(J), R_(K), are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, heterocyclesulfonyl, and heterocyclealkylsulfonyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating pain in a mammal in need of such treatment comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating neuropathic pain in a mammal in need of such treatment comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating nociceptive pain in a mammal in need of such treatment comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a disorder selected from the group consisting of inflammatory disorders, immune disorders, neurological disorders, cancers of the immune system, respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular disorders in a mammal in need of such treatment comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of neuroprotection in a mammal in need of such treatment comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention contemplates the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof, to prepare a medicament for treating nociceptive pain in a patient.

The present invention contemplates the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof, to prepare a medicament for treating neuropathic pain in a patient.

The present invention contemplates the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof, to prepare a medicament for treating inflammatory disorders, immune disorders, neurological disorders, cancers of the immune system, respiratory disorders, or cardiovascular disorders in a patient.

The present invention contemplates the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof, to prepare a medicament for providing neuroprotection in a patient.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, arylalkyl, azidoalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclealkyl, heterocyclealkylcarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, (NR_(C)R_(D))alkyl, and -LOR₂; L is alkylene; R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, and carboxyalkenylcarbonyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cycloheptyl, wherein the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and cyclopentyl are substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and halogen; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(A), R_(B), R_(M), and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; and R_(C), R_(D), R_(J), R_(K), are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl and R₁, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl wherein the heterocyclealkyl is selected from the group consisting of 2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,2,-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl, (1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, (2R)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, (2S)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propyl, 2-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethyl, (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (piperidin-2-yl)methyl, 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, carboxy(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, 2-ethoxy-2-oxo-1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl, 2-piperazin-1-ylethyl, and 4-methyl-2-piperazin-1-ylethyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(J) and R_(K) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R_(M) and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl wherein the heterocyclealkyl is selected from the group consisting of 2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,2,-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl, (1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl, (tetrahydrofuran-3-yl) methyl, (2R)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, (2S)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propyl, 2-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethyl, (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (piperidin-2-yl)methyl, 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, carboxy(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, 2-ethoxy-2-oxo-1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl, 2-piperazin-1-ylethyl, and 4-methyl-2-piperazin-1-ylethyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each hydrogen.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heteroarylalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heteroarylalkyl wherein the heteroarylalkyl is selected from the group consisting of (1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)methyl, (1H-imidazolyl-2-yl)methyl, (1-methyl-1H-imidazolyl-2-yl)methyl, 2-pyridin-2-ylethyl, 2-pyridin-3-ylethyl, 2-pyridin-4-ylethyl, 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl, (5-chloro-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl, (1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl, 2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl, 2-(1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl, 2-thien-2-ylethyl, and 2-thien-3-ylethyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(J) and R_(K) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R_(M) and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heteroarylalkyl wherein the heteroarylalkyl is selected from the group consisting of (1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)methyl, (1H-imidazolyl-2-yl)methyl, (1-methyl-1H-imidazolyl-2-yl)methyl, 2-pyridin-2-ylethyl, 2-pyridin-3-ylethyl, 2-pyridin-4-ylethyl, 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl, (5-chloro-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl, (1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl, 2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl, 2-(1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl, 2-thien-2-ylethyl, and 2-thien-3-ylethyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each hydrogen.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is arylalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is arylalkyl wherein the arylalkyl is selected from the group consisting of (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl, (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)methyl, 4-(acetyloxy)benzyl, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, and 4-hydroxybenzyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(J) and R_(K) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R_(M) and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is arylalkyl wherein the arylalkyl is selected from the group consisting of (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl, (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)methyl, 4-(acetyloxy)benzyl, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, and 4-hydroxybenzyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each hydrogen.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, azidoalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclealkylcarbonyl, mercaptoalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, and (NR_(C)R_(D))alkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R_(A) and R_(B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; R_(C) and R_(D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, azidoalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclealkylcarbonyl, mercaptoalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, and (NR_(C)R_(D))alkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R_(A) and R_(B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; R_(C)C and R_(D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(J) and R_(K) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R_(M) and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, azidoalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclealkylcarbonyl, mercaptoalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, and (NR_(C)R_(D)alkyl; R) ₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R_(A) and R_(B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; and R_(C) and R_(D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is -LOR₂; L is alkylene; R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, and carboxyalkenylcarbonyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is -LOR₂; L is alkylene; R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, and carboxyalkenylcarbonyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(J) and R_(K) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R_(M) and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is -LOR₂; L is alkylene; R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, and carboxyalkenylcarbonyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each hydrogen.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is hydroxyalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is hydroxyalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(J) and R_(K) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R_(M) and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is hydroxyalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each hydrogen.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is alkylthioalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is alkylthioalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(J) and R_(K) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R_(M) and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is alkylthioalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each hydrogen.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-methylcyclobutyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl wherein the heterocyclealkyl is selected from the group consisting of 2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,2,-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl, (1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, (2R)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, (2S)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propyl, 2-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethyl, (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (piperidin-2-yl)methyl, 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, carboxy(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, 2-ethoxy-2-oxo-1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl, 2-piperazin-1-ylethyl, and 4-methyl-2-piperazin-1-ylethyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-methylcyclobutyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(J) and R_(K) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R_(M) and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl wherein the heterocyclealkyl is selected from the group consisting of 2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,2,-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl, (1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, (2R)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, (2S)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propyl, 2-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethyl, (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (piperidin-2-yl)methyl, 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, carboxy(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, 2-ethoxy-2-oxo-1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl, 2-piperazin-1-ylethyl, and 4-methyl-2-piperazin-1-ylethyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-methylcyclobutyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each hydrogen.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is cycloheptyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl wherein the heterocyclealkyl is selected from the group consisting of 2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,2,-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl, (1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, (2R)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, (2S)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propyl, 2-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethyl, (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (piperidin-2-yl)methyl, 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, carboxy(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, 2-ethoxy-2-oxo-1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl, 2-piperazin-1-ylethyl, and 4-methyl-2-piperazin-1-ylethyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is cycloheptyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(J) and R_(K) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl; and R_(M) and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl wherein the heterocyclealkyl is selected from the group consisting of 2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,2,-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl, (1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, (2R)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, (2S)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propyl, 2-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethyl, (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, (piperidin-2-yl)methyl, 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, carboxy(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, 2-ethoxy-2-oxo-1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl, 2-piperazin-1-ylethyl, and 4-methyl-2-piperazin-1-ylethyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is cycloheptyl; and R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each hydrogen.

Definition of Terms

All patents, patent applications, and literature references cited in the specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the case of inconsistencies, the present disclosure, including definitions, will prevail.

As used throughout this specification and the appended claims, the following terms have the following meanings:

The term “alkenyl” as used herein, means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 10 carbons and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond formed by the removal of two hydrogens. Representative examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 2-methyl-1-heptenyl, and 3-decenyl.

The term “alkoxy” as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy, and hexyloxy.

The term “alkoxyalkoxy” as used herein, means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through another alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkoxyalkoxy include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxymethoxy, 2-ethoxyethoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy, and methoxymethoxy.

The term “alkoxyalkyl” as used herein, means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein except for R₁ in Formula (I) wherein the alkoxy group is at least two carbons from the indole nitrogen. Representative examples of alkoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxymethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, methoxymethyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 4-methoxybutyl, and 5-methoxypentyl.

The term “alkoxycarbonyl” as used herein, means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkoxycarbonyl include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and tert-butoxycarbonyl.

The term “alkoxycarbonylalkoxy” as used herein, means an alkoxycarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkoxycarbonylalkoxy include, but are not limited to, 3-ethoxy-3-oxopropoxy, 3-methoxy-3-oxopropoxy, 4-ethoxy-4-oxobutoxy, 5-methoxy-5-oxopentyloxy, 5-ethoxy-5-oxopentyloxy, 6-ethoxy-6-oxohexyloxy.

The term “alkoxycarbonylalkyl” as used herein, means an alkoxycarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkoxycarbonylalkyl include, but are not limited to, 3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl, 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl, 4-ethoxy-4-oxobutyl, 5-methoxy-5-oxopentyl, 5-ethoxy-5-oxopentyl, 6-ethoxy-6-oxohexyl.

The term “alkoxysulfonyl” as used herein, means an alkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkoxysulfonyl include, but are not limited to, methoxysulfonyl, ethoxysulfonyl, and propoxysulfonyl.

The term “alkyl” as used herein, means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl.

The term “alkylcarbonyl” as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, acetyl, 1-oxopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl, 1-oxobutyl, and 1-oxopentyl.

The term “alkylcarbonylalkyl” as used herein, means an alkylcarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylcarbonylalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-oxopropyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-oxopropyl, 3-oxobutyl, 3-oxopentyl, and 5-oxohexyl.

The term “alkylcarbonyloxy” as used herein, means an alkylcarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representative examples of alkylcarbonyloxy include, but are not limited to, acetyloxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, and tert-butylcarbonyloxy.

The term “alkylene” means a divalent alkyl group derived from a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkylene include, but are not limited to, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(−)CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, —CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH(−)CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH(−)CH₂CH₂CH₃—, —CH₂CH(CH₂CH₃)CH₂—, and —CH₂CH(CH₂CH₂—)CH₃.

The term “alkylsulfinyl” as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylsulfinyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfinyl and ethylsulfinyl.

The term “alkylsulfinylalkyl” as used herein, means an alkylsulfinyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylsulfinylalkyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfinylmethyl and ethylsulfinylmethyl.

The term “alkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylsulfonyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl and ethylsulfonyl.

The term “alkylsulfonylalkyl” as used herein, means an alkylsulfonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of alkylsulfonylalkyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonylmethyl and ethylsulfonylmethyl.

The term “alkylsulfonyloxy” as used herein, means an alkylsulfonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom, as defined herein.

The term “alkylthio” as used herein, means an alkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom. Representative examples of alkylthio include, but are not limited, methylthio, ethylthio, tert-butylthio, and hexylthio.

The term “alkylthioalkyl” as used herein, means an alkylthio group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein except for R₁ in Formula (I) wherein the alkylthio group is at least two carbons from the indole nitrogen. Representative examples of alkylthioalkyl include, but are not limited, methylthiomethyl, 2-(ethylthio)ethyl, and 4-(methylthio)butyl.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein, means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited, to acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-pentynyl, and 1-butynyl.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, means a phenyl group or a naphthyl group.

The aryl groups of the present invention can be optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, ethylenedioxy, formyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, methylenedioxy, nitro, —NZ₁Z₂, (NZ₁Z₂)alkyl, (NZ₁Z₂)carbonyl, and (NZ₁Z₂)sulfonyl. Representative examples of substituted aryl include, but are not limited to, 3-(acetyloxy)phenyl, 4-(acetyloxy)phenyl, 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl.

The term “arylalkoxy” as used herein, means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of arylalkoxy include, but are not limited to, benzyloxy, 2-phenylethoxy, and 3-phenylpropoxy.

The term “arylalkoxyalkyl” as used herein, means an arylalkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of arylalkoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, 4-(benzyloxy)butyl, 3-(benzyloxy)propyl, 2-(benzyloxy)ethyl, and 5-(benzyloxy)pentyl.

The term “arylalkyl” as used herein, means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl, (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)methyl, 4-(acetyloxy)benzyl, benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)ethyl, 2-naphth-2-ylethyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, and 4-hydroxybenzyl.

The term “arylalkylcarbonyl” as used herein, means an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-phenylacetyl and 3-phenylpropanoyl.

The term “arylalkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of “arylalkylsulfonyl” include, but are not limited to, benzylsulfonyl and 2-phenylethylsulfonyl.

The term “arylalkylthio” as used herein, means an arylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom. Representative examples of arylalkylthio include, but are not limited to, 2-phenylethylthio, 3-naphth-2-ylpropylthio, and 5-phenylpentylthio.

The term “arylcarbonyl” as used herein, means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of arylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, benzoyl and naphthoyl.

The term “aryloxy” as used herein, means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representative examples of aryloxy include, but are not limited to, phenoxy, naphthyloxy, 3-bromophenoxy, 4-chlorophenoxy, 4-methylphenoxy, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy.

The term “aryloxyalkyl” as used herein, means an aryloxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of aryloxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-phenoxyethyl, 3-naphth-2-yloxypropyl and 3-bromophenoxymethyl.

The term “arylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.

The term “arylthio” as used herein, means an aryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom. Representative examples of arylthio include, but are not limited to, phenylthio and 2-naphthylthio.

The term “arylthioalkyl” as used herein, means an arylthio group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of arylthioalkyl include, but are not limited to, phenylthiomethyl, 2-naphth-2-ylthioethyl, and 2-(phenylthio)ethyl.

The term “azide” as used herein, means a —N₃ group.

The term “azidoalkyl” as used herein, means an azide group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein except for R₁ in Formula (I) wherein the azide group is at least two carbons from the indole nitrogen. Representative examples of azidoalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-azidoethyl, 3-azidopropyl, and 4-azidobutyl.

The term “carbonyl” as used herein, means a —C(O)— group.

The term “carboxy” as used herein, means a —CO₂H group.

The term “carboxyalkenyl” as used herein, means a carboxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of carboxyalkenyl include, but are not limited to, 3-ethoxy-3-oxoprop-1-enyl.

The term “carboxyalkenylcarbonyl” as used herein, means a carboxyalkenyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of carboxyalkenylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, 4-ethoxy-4-oxobut-2-enoyl.

The term “carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy” as used herein, means a carboxyalkenylcarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom, as defined herein. Representative examples of carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy include, but are not limited to, (3-carboxyprop-2-enoyl)oxy.

The term “carboxyalkyl” as used herein, means a carboxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of carboxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 3-carboxypropyl, 4-carboxybutyl, 5-carboxypentyl, and 6-carboxyhexyl.

The term “carboxyalkylcarbonyl” as used herein, means a carboxyalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of carboxyalkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, 3-carboxypropanoyl and 4-carboxybutanoyl.

The term “carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy” as used herein, means a carboxyalkylcarbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a oxygen atom, as defined herein. Representative examples of carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy include, but are not limited to, (3-carboxypropanoyl)oxy and (4-carboxybutanoyl)oxy.

The term “cyano” as used herein, means a —CN group.

The term “cyanoalkyl” as used herein, means a cyano group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of cyanoalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyanomethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, and 3-cyanopropyl.

The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein, means a cyclic hydrocarbon containing from 3 to 8 carbons and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond formed by the removal of two hydrogens. Representative examples of cycloalkenyl include, but are not limited to, 2-cyclohexen-1-yl, 3-cyclohexen-1-yl, 2,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl and 3-cyclopenten-1-yl.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein, means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 3 to 8 carbons, examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.

The cycloalkyl groups of the present invention are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, oxo, —NZ₁Z₂, (NZ₁Z₂)alkyl, (NZ₁Z₂)carbonyl, and (NZ₁Z₂)sulfonyl.

The term “cycloalkylalkoxy” as used herein, means a cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of cycloalkylalkoxy include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethoxy, 2-cyclobutylethoxy, cyclopentylmethoxy, cyclohexylmethoxy, and 4-cycloheptylbutoxy.

The term “cycloalkylalkyl” as used herein, means a cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of cycloalkylalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, 2-cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 4-cycloheptylbutyl, and (4-methoxycarbonylcyclohexyl)methyl.

The term “cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl” as used herein, means a cycloalkylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, 4-cyclopentylbutanoyl and 3-cyclopentylpropanoyl.

The term “cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means a cycloalkylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl include, but are not limited to, (2-cyclopentylethyl)sulfonyl and (2-cyclopropylethyl)sulfonyl.

The term “cycloalkylcarbonyl” as used herein, means cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of cycloalkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylcarbonyl, 2-cyclobutylcarbonyl, and cyclohexylcarbonyl.

The term “cycloalkyloxy” as used herein, means cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom, as defined herein. Representative examples of cycloalkyloxy include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, cycloheptyloxy, and cyclooctyloxy.

The term “cycloalkyloxyalkyl” as used herein, means cycloalkyloxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of cycloalkyloxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-(cyclopropyloxy)ethyl, 4-(cyclobutyloxy)pentyl, cyclopentyloxymethyl, 3-(cyclohexyloxy)propyl, cycloheptyloxymethyl, and 2-(cyclooctyloxy)ethyl.

The term “cycloalkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means a cycloalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of cyclalkylsulfonyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopentylsulfonyl and cyclopropylsulfonyl.

The term “ethylenedioxy” as used herein, means a —O(CH₂)₂O— group wherein the oxygen atoms of the ethylenedioxy group are attached to the parent molecular moiety through two adjacent carbon atoms forming a six membered ring.

The term “formyl” as used herein, means a —C(O)H group.

The term “halo” or “halogen” as used herein, means —Cl, —Br, —I or —F.

The term “haloalkoxy” as used herein, means at least one halogen, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of haloalkoxy include, but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, and pentafluoroethoxy.

The term “haloalkyl” as used herein, means at least one halogen, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, chloromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2-chloro-3-fluoropentyl, and 4,4,4,-trifluorobutyl.

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, means a monocyclic heteroaryl ring or a bicyclic heteroaryl ring. The monocyclic heteroaryl ring is a 5 or 6 membered ring. The 5 membered ring has two double bonds and contains one, two, three or four heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S. The 6 membered ring has three double bonds and contains one, two, three or four heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S. The bicyclic heteroaryl ring consists of the 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring fused to a phenyl group or the 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring fused to another 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring. Nitrogen heteroatoms contained within the heteroaryl may be optionally oxidized to the N-oxide or optionally protected with a nitrogen protecting group known to those of skill in the art. The heteroaryl is connected to the parent molecular moiety through any carbon atom contained within the heteroaryl. Representative examples of heteroaryl include, but are not limited to, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzoxadiazolyl, cinnolinyl, furopyridinyl, furyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoxazolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinium N-oxide, quinolinyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienopyridinyl, thienyl, triazolyl, and triazinyl.

The heteroaryl groups of the present invention are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, formyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, nitro, —NZ₁Z₂, (NZ₁Z₂)alkyl, (NZ₁Z₂)carbonyl, and (NZ₁Z₂)sulfonyl. Representative examples of substituted heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, 1-methyl-1H-imidazolyl, 5-chloro-1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, and 4-methyl-1,3-thiazolyl. Heteroaryl groups of the present invention that are substituted may be present as tautomers. The present invention encompasses all tautomers including non-aromatic tautomers.

The term “heteroarylalkoxy” as used herein, means a heteroaryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of heteroarylalkoxy include, but are not limited to, fur-3-ylmethoxy, 1H-imidazol-2-ylmethoxy, 1H-imidazol-4-ylmethoxy, 1-(pyridin-4-yl)ethoxy, pyridin-3-ylmethoxy, 6-chloropyridin-3-ylmethoxy, pyridin-4-ylmethoxy, (6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy, (6-(cyano)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy, (2-(cyano)pyridin-4-yl)methoxy, (5-(cyano)pyridin-2-yl)methoxy, (2-(chloro)pyridin-4-yl)methoxy, pyrimidin-5-ylmethoxy, 2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)propoxy, thien-2-ylmethoxy, and thien-3-ylmethoxy.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” as used herein, means a heteroaryl, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of heteroarylalkyl include, but are not limited to, (1H-imidazolyl-2-yl)methyl, (1-methyl-1H-imidazolyl-2-yl)methyl, 2-pyridin-2-ylethyl, 2-pyridin-3-ylethyl, 2-pyridin-4-ylethyl, 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl, (5-chloro-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl, (1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl, 2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl, 2-(1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl, 2-thien-2-ylethyl, and 2-thien-3-ylethyl.

The term “heteroarylalkylcarbonyl” as used herein, means a heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative example of heteroarylalkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, (3-pyridin-3-ylpropyl)carbonyl and (2-pyrimidin-5-ylethyl)carbonyl.

The term “heteroaryloxy” as used herein, means a heteroaryl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representative examples of heteroaryloxy include, but are not limited to, pyrimidinyloxy and pyridinyloxy.

The term “heteroaryloxyalkyl” as used herein, means a heteroaryloxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of heteroaryloxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, pyridinyloxymethyl and 2-quinolinyloxyethyl.

The term “heteroarylalkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means a heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.

The term “heteroarylsulfonyl” as used herein, means a heteroaryl, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” as used herein, means a monocyclic or a bicyclic heterocyclic ring. The monocyclic heterocyclic ring consists of a 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring containing at least one heteroatom independently selected from O, N and S. The 3 or 4 membered ring contains 1 heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. The 5 membered ring contains zero or one double bond and one, two or three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. The 6 or 7 membered ring contains zero, one or two double bonds and one, two or three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. Representative examples of the monocyclic heterocyclic ring include, but are not limited to, azetidinyl, azepanyl, aziridinyl, diazepanyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,3-dithiolanyl, 1,3-dithianyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, oxadiazolinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, thiadiazolinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxidothiomorpholinyl (thiomorpholine sulfone), thiopyranyl, and trithianyl. The bicyclic heterocyclic ring consists of the monocyclic heterocyclic ring fused to a cycloalkyl group or the monocyclic heterocyclic ring fused to a cycloalkenyl group or the monocyclic heterocyclic ring fused to another monocyclic heterocyclic ring or the monocyclic heterocyclic ring fused to an aryl group wherein the aryl group is an optionally substituted phenyl group. The bicyclic heterocyclic ring can be appended to the parent molecular moiety via any carbon or nitrogen atom within the bicyclic heterocyclic ring while maintaining the proper valence. Representative examples of the bicyclic heterocyclic ring include, but are not limited to, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalinyl, decahydroquinoxalinyl, and octahydro-1,4-benzodioxinyl.

The heterocycles of this invention are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, formyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, nitro, oxo, —NZ₁Z₂, (NZ₁Z₂)alkyl, (NZ₁Z₂)carbonyl, (NZ₁Z₂)sulfonyl. Representative examples of substituted heterocycle include, but not limited to, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolanyl, 4-methylpiperazinyl, 1-methylpiperidinyl, 1-methylpyrrolidinyl, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidinyl, and 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidinyl.

The term “heterocyclealkoxy” as used herein, means a heterocycle group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of heterocyclealkoxy include, but are not limited to, 2-morpholin-1-ylethoxy and 2-piperidin-1-ylethoxy.

The term “heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl” as used herein, means a heterocyclealkoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Representative examples of heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl include, but are not limited to, (2-morpholin-4-ylethoxy)carbonyl.

The term “heterocyclealkyl” as used herein, means a heterocycle, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein, wherein the alkyl group of the heterocyclealkyl at R₁ of Formula (I) may be optionally substituted with 1 substituent selected from the group consisting of alkoxycarbonyl and carboxy. Representative examples of heterocyclealkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-(azepan-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,2,-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl, (1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl, (2R)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, (2S)-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl, 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propyl, 2-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethyl, 2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl, (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl, 2-(piperidin-4-yl)ethyl, 2-(1-tert-butoxycarbonylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl, (piperidin-2-yl)methyl, 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl, 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl, 2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)ethyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, carboxy(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl, and 2-ethoxy-2-oxo-1-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl.

The term “heterocyclealkylcarbonyl” as used herein, means a heterocyclealkyl, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of heterocyclealkylcarbonyl include, but are not limited to, tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylacetyl.

The term “heterocyclealkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means a heterocyclealkyl, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative example of “heterocyclealkylsulfonyl” include, but are not limited to, (3-pyrrolidin-3-ylpropyl)sulfonyl and (3-piperidin-4-ylpropyl)sulfonyl.

The term “heterocyclealkylthio” as used herein, means a heterocyclealkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom. Representative examples of heterocyclealkylthio include, but are not limited to, (3-pyrrolidin-3-ylpropyl)thio and (3-piperidin-4-ylpropyl)thio.

The term “heterocycleoxy” as used herein, means a heterocycle group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representative examples of heterocycleoxy include, but are not limited to, piperidin-4-yloxy and pyrrolidin-3-yloxy.

The term “heterocycleoxyalkyl” as used herein, means a heterocycleoxy group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of heterocycleoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-(piperidin-4-yloxy)ethyl and 3-(piperidin-4-yloxy)propyl.

The term “heterocyclesulfonyl” as used herein, means a heterocycle, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of “heterocyclesulfonyl” include, but are not limited to, piperidin-4-ylsulfonyl and pyrrolidin-3-ylsulfonyl.

The term “hydroxy” as used herein, means an —OH group.

The term “hydroxyalkoxy” as used herein, means at least one hydroxy group, as defined herein, is appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein. Representative examples of hydroxyalkoxy include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethoxy, 3-hydroxypropoxy, 2,3-dihydroxypropoxy, (2S) 2,3-dihydroxypropoxy, (2R) 2,3-dihydroxypropoxy, 2,3-dihydroxypentyloxy, 4-hydroxybutoxy, 2-ethyl-4-hydroxyheptyloxy, 3,4-dihydroxybutoxy, and 5-hydroxypentyloxy.

The term “hydroxyalkyl” as used herein, means at least one hydroxy group, as defined herein, is appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein except for R₁ in Formula (I) wherein the hydroxy group is at least two carbons from the indole nitrogen. Representative examples of hydroxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, (2S) 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, (2R) 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, 2,3-dihydroxypentyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 2-ethyl-4-hydroxyheptyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl, and 5-hydroxypentyl.

The term “mercapto” as used herein, means a —SH group.

The term “mercaptoalkyl” as used herein, means a mercapto group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein except for R₁ in Formula (I) wherein the mercapto group is at least two carbons from the indole nitrogen. Representative examples of mercaptoalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-mercaptoethyl and 3-mercaptopropyl.

The term “methylenedioxy” as used herein, means a —OCH₂O— group wherein the oxygen atoms of the methylenedioxy are attached to the parent molecular moiety through two adjacent carbon atoms.

The term “nitrogen protecting group” as used herein, means those groups intended to protect an amino group against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures. Preferred nitrogen protecting groups are acetyl, benzoyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), formyl, phenylsulfonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), tert-butylacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, and triphenylmethyl (trityl).

The term “nitro” as used herein, means a —NO₂ group.

The term “NR_(A)R_(B)” as used herein, means two groups, R_(A) and R_(B), which are appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. R_(A) and R_(B) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

The term “(NR_(A)R_(B))carbonyl” as used herein, means a NR_(A)R_(B) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonyl include, but are not limited to, aminocarbonyl, (methylamino)carbonyl, (dimethylamino)carbonyl, and (ethylmethylamino)carbonyl.

The term “(NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkenyl” as used herein, means a (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of “(NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkenyl” includes, but is not limited to, 4-amino-4-oxobut-1-enyl and 4-dimethylamino-4-oxobut-1-enyl.

The term “(NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkenylcarbonyl” as used herein, means a (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkenyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkenylcarbonyl includes, but is not limited to 6-(dimethylamino)-6-oxohex-3-enoyl and 6-(amino)-6-oxohex-3-enoyl.

The term “(NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl” as used herein, means a (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl include, but are not limited to, 2-amino-2-oxoethyl, 3-amino-3-oxopropyl, and 4-amino-4-oxobutyl.

The term “(NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkylcarbonyl” as used herein, means a (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkylcarbonyl includes, but is not limited to, 6-(dimethylamino)-6-oxohexanoyl and 6-amino-6-oxohexanoyl.

The term “(NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonyl” as used herein, means a NR_(A)R_(B) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.

The term “(NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl” as used herein, means a (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein except for R₁ in Formula (I) wherein the (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonyl group is at least two carbons from the indole nitrogen.

The term “NR_(C)R_(D)” as used herein, means two groups, R_(C) and R_(D), which are appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. R_(C) and R_(D) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, heterocyclesulfonyl, and heterocyclealkylsulfonyl.

The term “(NR_(C)R_(D))alkyl” as used herein, means a NR_(C)R_(D) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein except for R₁ in Formula (I) wherein the NR_(C)R_(D) group is at least two carbons from the indole nitrogen.

The term “NR_(E)R_(F)” as used herein, means two groups, R_(E) and R_(F), which are appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. R_(E) and R_(F) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, heterocyclesulfonyl, and heterocyclealkylsulfonyl.

The term “(NR_(E)R_(F))alkyl” as used herein, means a NR_(E)R_(F) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.

The term “NR_(G)R_(H)” as used herein, means two groups, R_(G) and R_(H), which are appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. R_(G) and R_(H) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

The term “(NR_(G)R_(H))carbonyl” as used herein, means a NR_(G)R_(H) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.

The term “(NR_(G)R_(H))carbonylalkyl” as used herein, means a (NR_(G)R_(H))carbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.

The term “(NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonyl” as used herein, means a NR_(G)R_(H) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.

The term “(NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonylalkyl” as used herein, means a (NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.

The term “NR_(J)R_(K)” as used herein, means two groups, R_(J) and R_(K), which are appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. R_(J) and R_(K) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, heterocyclesulfonyl, and heterocyclealkylsulfonyl.

The term “(NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy” as used herein, means a NR_(J)R_(K) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group, as defined herein.

The term “(NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl” as used herein, means a NR_(J)R_(K) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.

The term “NR_(M)R_(N)” as used herein, means two groups, R_(M) and R_(N), which are appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. R_(M) and R_(N) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, and hydroxyalkyl.

The term “(NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl” as used herein, means a NR_(M)R_(N) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein.

The term “(NR_(M)R_(N))carbonylalkyl” as used herein, means a (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.

The term “(NR_(M)R_(N))sulfonyl” as used herein, means a NR_(M)R_(N) group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein.

The term “(NR_(M)R_(N))sulfonylalkyl” as used herein, means a (NR_(M)R_(N))sulfonyl group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein.

The term “NZ₁Z₂” as used herein, means two groups, Z₁ and Z₂, which are appended to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom. Z₁ and Z₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, formyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, and heterocyclealkyl. Representative examples of NZ₁Z₂ include, but are not limited to, amino, methylamino, acetylamino, and acetylmethylamino.

The term “(NZ₁Z₂)alkyl” as used herein, means a NZ₁Z₂ group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of (NZ₁Z₂)alkyl include, but are not limited to, aminocarbonyl, (methylamino)carbonyl, (dimethylamino)carbonyl, and (ethylmethylamino)carbonyl.

The term “(NZ₁Z₂)carbonyl” as used herein, means a NZ₁Z₂ group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of (NZ₁Z₂)carbonyl include, but are not limited to, aminocarbonyl, (methylamino)carbonyl, (dimethylamino)carbonyl, and (ethylmethylamino)carbonyl.

The term “(NZ₁Z₂)sulfonyl” as used herein, means a NZ₁Z₂ group, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples of (NZ₁Z₂)sulfonyl include, but are not limited to, aminosulfonyl, (methylamino)sulfonyl, (dimethylamino)sulfonyl, and (ethylmethylamino)sulfonyl.

The term “oxo” as used herein, means a ═O moiety.

The term “sulfinyl” as used herein, means a ═S(O)— group.

The term “sulfonyl” as used herein, means a —S(O)₂— group.

Compounds of the present invention may exist as stereoisomers wherein, asymmetric or chiral centers are present. These stereoisomers are “R” or “S” depending on the configuration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. The terms “R” and “S” used herein are configurations as defined in IUPAC 1974 Recommendations for Section E, Fundamental Stereochemistry, Pure Appl. Chem., 1976, 45: 13-30. The present invention contemplates various stereoisomers and mixtures thereof and are specifically included within the scope of this invention. Stereoisomers include enantiomers and diastereomers, and mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers. Individual stereoisomers of compounds of the present invention may be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain asymmetric or chiral centers or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods of resolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography and liberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary or (2) direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns.

Compounds of the present invention were named by ACD/ChemSketch version 5.06 (developed by Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) or were given names which appeared to be consistent with ACD nomenclature.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations which have been used in the descriptions of the Schemes and the Examples that follow are: DMF for N,N-dimethylformamide; DMSO for dimethylsulfoxide; Et for ethyl; Me for methyl; Ms for CH₃ S(O)₂O—; Ph for phenyl; THF for tetrahydrofuran; Ts for p-CH₃PhS(O)₂O—; and Tf for CF₃S(O)₂O—.

Preparation of Compounds of the Present Invention

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following synthetic Schemes and Examples which illustrate a means by which the compounds of the present invention can be prepared.

Indoles of formula (5), wherein R₁, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are as defined in Formula (I), can be prepared using the method described in Scheme 1 or by methods known to those of skill in the art. Indoles of formula (1), purchased or prepared using methodology known to those of skill in the art, can be treated with acid chlorides of formula (2), a grignard reagent such as ethylgrignard (EtMgBr), and ZnCl₂ in a solvent such as methylene chloride to provide indoles of formula (3). Indoles of formula (3) can be treated with a compound of formula (4) and a base such as sodium hydride in a solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide to provide indoles of formula (5).

It is to be understood that substituents at the R₁, R₅, R₆, R₇, or R₈ positions of formula (1) (3), or (5), can be further subjected to methods known to those of skill in the art to provide compounds of the present invention.

Example 1 {1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 1A 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarbonyl Chloride

To a flask containing 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (Aldrich, 13.5 g, 95 mmol) was added 30 mL of thionyl chloride (410 mmol, excess). This solution was warmed to reflux and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was then cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was azeotroped three times with 10 mL of benzene to remove any remaining thionyl chloride, and used without further purification.

Example 1B 1H-indol-3-yl(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To a solution of indole (Aldrich, 11 g, 95 mmol) in 30 mL dichloromethane at ambient temperature was added 105 mL of a 1 M solution of ethyl magnesium bromide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (105 mmol) dropwise via syringe pump. After the addition was complete, the solution was stirred for 15 min at which time ZnCl₂ (14 g, 105 mmol) was added. The mixture stirred for an additional 30 min then the product of Example 1A (95 mmol) in 50 mL dichloromethane was added via cannula. The mixture was stirred for 6 h then was quenched with 50 mL saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and diluted with 50 mL dichloromethane. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3×30 mL dichloromethane. The combined organics were washed with 1×20 mL H₂O then were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% ethyl acetate:hexanes) to give 9.7 g of the major regioisomer 1H-indol-3-yl(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone (40 mmol, 42% yield) and 6.1 g of the minor regioisomer of 1-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole (25 mmol, 27% yield). MS (major and minor regioisomers) (DCI/NH₃) m/z 242 (M+H)⁺.

Example 1C (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl methanesulfonate

To a solution of 1-methyl-2-piperidine-methanol (Aldrich, 0.27 mL, 2.1 mmol) in 10 mL tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 0° C. was added triethylamine (0.87 mL, 6.22 mmol) followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (0.24 mL, 3.1 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min then the ice-bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for an additional 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was filtered though Celite with THF and concentrated under reduced pressure. This crude material was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 1D {1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To a solution of the major product of Example 1B (0.25 g, 1.0 mmol) in 5 mL DMF at 0° C. was added NaH (60% dispersal in mineral oil, 0.10 g, 2.6 mmol). This mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min then was warmed to ambient temperature and allowed to stir for 30 min. The solution was again cooled to 0° C. and the product of Example 1C (2.1 mmol) in 5 mL DMF was added via cannula. The ice-bath was removed after the addition was complete and the reaction mixture was warmed to 50° C. at which temperature it was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, diluted with 10 mL ethyl acetate and quenched with 10 mL saturated, aqueous NH₄Cl and 5 mL H₂O. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3×5 mL ethyl acetate and the combined organics were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% NH₄OH: 9% CH₃OH: 90% dichloromethane) to give 0.18 g of the title compound (0.51 mmol, 49% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 353 (M+H)⁺.

Example 1E {1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid

To the product of Example 1D (0.18 g, 0.51 mmol) in 5 mL of 10% EtOH in ethyl acetate, was added p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (97 mg, 0.51 mmol). The resulting precipitate was isolated via filtration resulting in 0.21 g of the title compound (0.40 mmol, 78% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 12H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 1H), 2.17 (s, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 3.18 (m, 1H), 3.60 and 3.75 (m, rotamers 1H), 4.37 and 4.95 (m, rotamers 1H), 7.23 (br d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (m, 1H), 7.34 (ddd, J=7.1, 7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (m, 1H), 7.71 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H) 8.12 (br s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 353 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂O.C₇H₈O₃S.0.1H₂O: C, 68.44; H, 7.70; N, 5.32. Found: C, 68.19; H, 7.61; N, 5.13.

Example 2 [1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid Example 2A 2-morpholin-4-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

A solution of 4-(2-hydroxylethyl)-morpholine (Aldrich, 5.1 mL, 42 mmol), triethylamine (17 mL, 124 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (4.8 mL, 62 mmol) in 100 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the crude material which was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 2B [1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (5.0 g, 21 mmol), the product of Example 2A (42 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersal in mineral oil, 4.2 g, 104 mmol) in 40 mL dimethylformamide were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 10% CH₃OH: 90% EtOAc) gave 6.6 g of the title compound (18.6 mmol, 90% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 355 (M+H)⁺.

Example 2C [1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (3.5 g, 19 mmol) and of the product of Example 2B (6.6 g, 19 mmol) were processed as in Example 1E. The crude material was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried under reduced pressure to give 9.4 g of the title compound (18 mmol, 96% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 2.15 (s, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.40 (m, 4H), 3.68 (dd, J=7.1, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (m, 4H), 4.73 (dd, J=7.1, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (br d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (ddd, J=8.1, 8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (ddd, J=7.1, 7.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.29 (dt, J=7.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 355 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₃₀N₂O₂.C₇H₈O₃S: C, 66.13; H, 7.27; N, 5.32. Found: C, 66.24; H, 7.23; N, 5.19.

Example 3 [1-(2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid Example 3A 2-pyridin-2-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

A solution of 2-pyridin-2-yl-ethanol (Aldrich, 0.11 mL, 0.99 mmol), triethylamine (0.42 mL, 3.0 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.12 mL, 1.5 mmol) in 5 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the crude title compound which was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 3B [1-(2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.12 g, 0.50 mmol), the product of Example 3A (0.99 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersal in mineral oil, 0.1 g, 2.5 mmol) in 10 mL dimethylformamide were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes: 50% EtOAc) provided 78 mg of the title compound (0.23 mmol, 45% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 347 (M+H)⁺.

Example 3C [1-(2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (44 mg, 0.23 mmol) and of the product of Example 3B (78 mg, 0.23 mmol) were processed as in Example 1E. Recrystallization with CH₃OH and EtOAc gave 51 mg of the title compound (0.10 mmol, 43% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.30 (s, 6H), 2.01 (s, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.58 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (m, 4H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.71 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (br d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (m, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 8.24 (m, 1H), 8.39 (ddd, J=7.8, 7.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (br d, 5.1 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 347 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₂O.C₇H₈O₃S: C, 69.47; H, 6.61; N, 5.40. Found: C, 69.13; H, 6.60; N, 5.28.

Example 4 {1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid Example 4A (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl methanesulfonate

A solution of (1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-methanol (Bionet Research, 66 mg, 0.59 mmol), triethylamine (0.25 mL, 0.89 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (69 μL, 0.89 mmol) in 5 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the crude material which was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 4B {1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.10 g, 0.42 mmol), the product of Example 4A (0.59 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersal in mineral oil, 60 mg, 1.5 mmol) in 5 mL dimethylformamide were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 100% EtOAc) afforded 25 mg of the title compound (0.075 mmol, 18% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 336 (M+H)⁺.

Example 4C {1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (14 mg, 0.075 mmol) and the product of Example 4B (25 mg, 0.075 mmol) were processed as in Example 1E. Recrystallization with CH₃OH gave 16 mg of the title compound (0.028 mmol, 37% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.24 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.99 (s, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 6.12 (br s, 2H), 6.96 (br s, 1H), 7.18 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.34 (m, 2H), 7.79 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 8.09 (br s, 1H), 8.41 (dd, J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 336 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₂₅N₃O.C₇H₈O₃S: C, 62.62; H, 6.53; N, 7.28. Found: C, 62.37; H, 6.68; N, 7.26.

Example 5 tert-butyl 4-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate Example 5A tert-butyl 4-{[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]ethyl}piperidine-1-carboxylate

A solution of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Aldrich, 0.50 g, 2.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.91 mL, 6.5 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.25 mL, 3.3 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the crude title compound which was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 5B tert-butyl 4-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

The major product of Example 1B (0.26 g, 1.1 mmol), the product of Example 5A (2.2 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersal in mineral oil, 0.22 g, 5.5 mmol) in 10 mL dimethylformamide were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% NH₄OH, 9% CH₃OH: 90% CH₂Cl₂) provided 0.50 g of the title compound (1.1 mmol, 98% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.24 (m, 3H), 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.86 (dd, J=14.9, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.67 (dd, J=14.9, 13.6 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (br d, J=12.9 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (dd, J=7.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (m, 3H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 8.41 (ddd, J=7.5, 3.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 452 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₈H₄₀N₂O₃.0.5CH₃OH: C, 73.04; H, 9.03; N, 5.98. Found: C, 73.00; H, 9.37; N, 6.06.

Example 6 [1-(2-Piperidin-4-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid Example 6A [1-(2-piperidin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To the product of Example 5B (0.42 g, 0.93 mmol) in 5 mL dichloromethane at 0° C. was added trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 3 mL, excess). The ice-bath was removed and the mixture stirred at 23° C. for 2 h then the mixture was concentrated and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% NH₄OH:9% CH₃OH:90% dichloromethane) to give 0.30 g of the title compound (0.85 mmol, 92% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 352 (M+H)⁺.

Example 6B [1-(2-piperidin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (81 mg, 43 mmol) and the product of Example 6A (0.15 g, 0.43 mmol) were processed as in Example 1E. Recrystallization with CH₃OH and EtOAc gave 0.16 g of the title compound (0.28 mmol, 66% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 12H), 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 1H), 1.90 (dd, J=6.8, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (br d, J=13.9 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.93 (ddd, J=12.9, 12.9, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (m, 2H), 4.33 (dd, J=7.1, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 7.23 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (ddd, J=7.1, 7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dt, J=7.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 8.25 (ddd, J=7.8, 1.4, 1.0 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 353 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂O.1.25C₇H₈O₃S: C, 66.64; H, 7.49; N, 4.90. Found: C, 66.53; H, 7.86; N, 4.77.

Example 7 {1-[2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid Example 7A {1-[2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To the product of Example 6A (0.15 g, 0.43 mmol) in 5 mL of 36% aqueous formaldehyde was added NaBH(OAc)₃ (0.17 g, 0.80 mmol). This mixture stirred at 23° C. for 16 h then it was diluted with 5 mL dichloromethane and was quenched with 3 mL aqueous saturated NH₄Cl and 3 mL H₂O. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3×5 mL dichloromethane. The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% NH₄OH: 9% CH₃OH: 90% dichloromethane) to give 0.15 g of the title compounds (0.41 mol, 95% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 367 (M+H)⁺.

Example 7B {1-[2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (78 mg, 0.41 mmol) and the product of Example 7A (0.15 g, 0.41 mmol) were processed as in Example 1E. Recrystallization with CH₃OH and EtOAc provided 25 mg of the title compound (0.050 mmol, 12% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 12H), 1.54 (m, 3H), 1.91 (br q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.03 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 1H), 2.81 (s, 3H), 2.93 (m, 2H), 3.26 (m, 1H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 4.34 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.70 (s, 2H), 7.21 (dd, J=7.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J=7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.25 (br d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 367 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₃₄N₂O.C₄H₄O₄.0.5CH₄O: C, 68.65; H, 8.09; N, 5.62. Found: C, 68.68; H, 8.49; N, 5.82.

Example 8 [1-(2-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 8A 2-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethanol

To 15 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 0° C. was added LiAlH₄ (0.28 g, 7.3 mmol). This mixture was stirred for 10 min then the ethyl tetrahydropyran-4-yl-acetate (Combi-Blocks Inc., 0.50 g, 2.9 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred for 5 min at 0° C. then was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and was stirred for 90 min. The reaction was quenched with excess NaHSO₄ 10H₂O and was stirred for 60 min. The mixture was filtered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated to give the title compound which was carried on without further purification. MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 131 (M+H)⁺.

Example 8B 2-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

The product of Example 8A (2.9 mmol), triethylamine (1.2 mL, 8.7 mmol) and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.34 mL, 4.4 mmol) in 10 mL tetrahydrofuran (THF) were reacted and the product isolated as in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 8C [1-(2-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.35 g, 1.5 mmol), the product of Example 8B (2.9 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersal in mineral oil, 0.29 g, 7.3 mmol) in 15 mL dimethylformamide (DMF) were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes: 50% EtOAc) gave 0.36 g of the title compound in 70% three-step yield (1.0 mmol). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.42 (dt, J=12.4, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.69 (m, 1H), 1.86 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 3.37 (dt, J=11.5, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (dd, J=11.5, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (dd, J=7.5, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (m, 3H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 354 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₂: C, 78.15; H, 8.84; N, 3.96. Found: C, 77.88; H, 8.89; N, 3.91.

Example 9 [1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid Example 9A 2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

The 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine (Aldrich, 0.14 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 9B [1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 9A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 62 mg, 1.6 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 2% CH₃OH:98% EtOAc) afforded 45 mg of the title compound (0.13 mmol, 21% yield. MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 338 (M+H)⁺.

Example 9C [1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (24 mg, 0.12 mmol) and the product of Example 9B (41 mg, 0.12 mmol) were processed as in Example 1E. Recrystallization with CH₃OH, EtOAc and Et₂O provided 44 mg of the title compound (0.086 mmol, 14% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 2.06 (m, 4H), 2.17 (s, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 3.16 (m, 2H), 3.59 (m, 2H), 3.75 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.67 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.71 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H) 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.30 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 339 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₃₀N_(2O)O.C₇H₈O₃S: C, 68.20; H, 7.50; N, 5.49. Found: C, 68.14; H, 7.51; N, 5.35.

Example 10 (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)[1-(2-thien-2-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone Example 10A 2-thien-2-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

The 2-(2-thienyl)ethanol (Aldrich, 0.16 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 10B (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)[1-(2-thien-2-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 10A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 10% EtOAc:90% hexanes) afforded 0.12 g of the title compound (0.33 mmol, 53% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.26 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.81 (s, 1H), 3.37 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.66 (m, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J=5.1, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (dd, J=5.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 8.42 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 352 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₅NOS: C, 75.17; H, 7.17; N, 3.98. Found: C, 74.99; H, 7.34; N, 3.91.

Example 11 [1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 11A 2-methoxyethyl Methanesulfonate

The 2-methoxyethanol (Aldrich, 94 mg, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 11B [1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 11A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 90% hexanes 10% EtOAc) gave 0.122 g of the title compound (0.41 mmol, 66% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 2.11 (s, 1H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.76 (dd, J=5.4, 5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (dd, J=5.1, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (m, 2H), 7.48 (m, 1H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 8.24 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 300 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₁₉H₂₅NO₂: C, 76.22; H, 8.42; N, 4.68. Found: C, 76.18; H, 8.73; N, 4.35.

Example 12 1-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one Example 12A 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl Methanesulfonate

The 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone (Aldrich, 0.16 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 12B 1-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 12A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 90% hexanes:10% EtOAc) provided 0.12 g of the title compound (0.33 mmol, 53% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 12H), 1.79 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 1H), 2.23 (dd, J=7.8, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (dd, J=6.8, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (dd, J=6.1, 6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.45 (dd, J=5.8, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (td, J=8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (td, J=7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (td, J=8.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 8.26 (ddd, J=7.8, 1.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 353 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calculated for C₂₂H₂₈N₂O₂: C, 74.97; H, 8.01; N, 7.95. Found: C, 74.62; H, 8.12; N, 7.88.

Example 13 1-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione Example 13A 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl Methanesulfonate

The N-(2-hydroxyethyl)succinimide (Aldrich, 0.19 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 13B 1-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 13A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes 50% EtOAc) afforded 43 mg of the title compound (0.12 mmol, 18% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 2.57 (s, 4H), 3.98 (t=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (t=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (td, J=7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (td, J=7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 366 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₆N₂O₃.0.5H₂O: C, 70.38; H, 7.25; N, 7.46. Found: C, 70.41; H, 6.94; N, 7.25.

Example 14 {1-[2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 14A 2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl Methanesulfonate

The 4-methyl-5-thiazole ethanol (Aldrich, 0.18 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 14B {1-[2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 14A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes 50% EtOAc) provided 73 mg of the title compound (0.20 mmol, 32% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.26 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.81 (s, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 3.33 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H), 8.64 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 366 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₆N₂OS.0.5H₂O: C, 72.09; H, 7.15; N, 7.64. Found: C, 71.79; H, 7.29; N, 7.56.

Example 15 {1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid Example 15A 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl Methanesulfonate

The N,N-dimethylethanolamine (Aldrich, 0.11 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 15B {1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 15A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 2% CH₃OH:98% EtOAc) afforded 0.12 g of the title compound (0.37 mmol, 60% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 313 (M+H)⁺.

Example 15C {1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (71 mg, 0.37 mmol) and the product of Example 15B (0.12 g, 0.37 mmol) were processed as in Example 1E. Recrystallization with CH₃OH, EtOAc and Et₂O gave 0.12 g of the title compound (0.3 mmol, 81% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 2.16 (s, 1H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.98 (s, 6H), 3.68 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.70 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (m, 1H), 7.33 (ddd, J=8.1, 7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 8.17 (s, 1H), 8.30 (ddd, J=7.8, 1.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 313 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₈N₂O.C₇H₈O₃S: C, 66.91; H, 7.49; N, 5.70. Found: C, 66.78; H, 7.39; N, 5.60.

Example 16 (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)[1-(2-thien-3-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone Example 16A 2-thien-3-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

The 2-(3-thienyl)ethanol (Aldrich, 0.16 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 16B (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)[1-(2-thien-3-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 16A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 90% hexanes 10% EtOAc) provided 0.15 g of the title compound (0.43 mmol, 69% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.25 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.79 (s, 1H), 3.18 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, 3H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 352 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calculated for C₂₂H₂₅NOS: C, 75.17; H, 7.17; N, 3.98. Found: C, 75.24; H, 7.40; N, 3.86.

Example 17 {1-[2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid Example 17A Methanesulfonic acid 2-(1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-ethyl Ester

The 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidineethanol (Aldrich, 0.16 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 17B {1-[2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 17A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 10% CH₃OH:90% CH₂Cl₂) gave 85 mg of the title compound (0.24 mmol, 39% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 353 (M+H)⁺.

Example 17C {1-[2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone P-Toluenesulfonic Acid

p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (45 mg, 0.23 mmol) and the product of Example 17B (80 mg, 0.23 mmol) were processed as in Example 1E. Recrystallization with CH₃OH, EtOAc and Et₂O provided 64 mg of the title compound (0.12 mmol, 54% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (m, 12H), 1.79 (m, 1H), 2.09 (m, 3H), 2.16 (s, 1H), 2.33 (m, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 3.12 (m, 1H), 3.32 (m, 1H), 3.64 (m, 1H), 4.41 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (br d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 7.30 (td, J=7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (br d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (br d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.27 (br d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 313 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂O.C₇H₈O₃S.0.2H₂O: C, 68.20; H, 7.71; N, 5.30. Found: C, 67.96; H, 7.83; N, 5.11.

Example 18 [1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 18A tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl Methanesulfonate

The tetrahydropyran-4-methanol (Combi-Blocks, Inc., 0.15 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 18B [1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 18A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Recrystallization with Et₂O and hexanes afforded 0.19 g of the title compound (0.56 mmol, 90% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.46 (m, 4H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 2.16 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.5, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (dd, J=10.5, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 340 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₂: C, 77.84; H, 8.61; N, 4.13. Found: C, 77.56; H, 8.84; N, 4.08.

Example 19 [1-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 19A 2-pyridin-3-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

The 2-(3-pyridyl)ethan-1-ol (Maybridge, 0.15 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 19B [1-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 19A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes 50% EtOAc) gave 58 mg of the title compound (0.16 mmol, 25% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.25 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.79 (s, 1H), 3.23 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (m, 2H), 7.28 (m, 3H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 8.42 (m, 1H), 8.54 (m, 2H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 347 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₂O.0.2C₆H₁₄.0.3H₂O: C, 78.75; H, 8.03; N, 7.59. Found: C, 78.76; H, 8.31; N, 7.87.

Example 20 {1-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 20A 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl Methanesulfonate

The 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrole (TCI-US, 0.138 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 20B {1-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 20A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% hexanes 20% EtOAc) gave 25 mg of the title compound (0.075 mmol, 12% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.24 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.71 (s, 1H), 4.25 (m, 2H), 4.44 (m, 2H), 6.13 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 6.41 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 7.28 (m, 3H), 8.42 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 335 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₆N₂O.0.1C₆H₁₄.0.7H₂O: C, 77.09; H, 7.89; N, 7.62. Found: C, 76.94; H, 8.25; N, 7.91.

Example 21 (1-{2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethyl}-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 21A 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethyl Methanesulfonate

The (4-dimethylamino)-phenethyl alcohol (Aldrich, 0.205 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 21B (1-{2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethyl}-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 21A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Recrystallization with EtOAc and hexanes provided 0.15 g of the title compound (0.387 mmol, 62% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.21 (s, 6H), 1.24 (s, 6H), 1.85 (s, 1H), 2.86 (s, 6H), 3.01 (t, 2H), 4.44 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (m, 2H), 6.83 (m, 2H), 7.19 (dt, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (dt, J=7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 8.22 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 389 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calculated for C₂₆H₃₂N₂O: C, 80.37; H, 8.30; N, 7.21. Found: C, 79.99; H, 8.58; N, 7.08.

Example 22 [1-(2-pyridin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 22A 2-pyridin-4-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

The 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridine (Lancaster, 0.153 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 22B [1-(2-pyridin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 22A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes 50% EtOAc) afforded 42 mg of the title compound (0.12 mmol, 19% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.25 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.78 (s, 1H), 3.20 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (br d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (m, 3H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 8.42 (m, 1H), 8.51 (br d, J=4.7 Hz, 2H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 347 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₂O.0.3H₂O: C, 78.51; H, 7.60; N, 7.96. Found: C, 78.50; H, 7.31; N, 7.95.

Example 23 {1-[4-(benzyloxy)butyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 23A 4-(benzyloxy)butyl Methanesulfonate

The 1-benzyloxy-1-butanol (Aldrich, 0.22 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 23B {1-[4-(benzyloxy)butyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 23A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% hexanes 20% EtOAc) gave 0.18 g of the title compound (0.45 mmol, 72% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.66 (m, 2H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 3.50 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 6H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.39 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 404 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calculated for C₂₇H₃₃NO₂: C, 80.36; H, 8.24; N, 3.47. Found: C, 79.99; H, 8.46; N, 3.30.

Example 24 [1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 24A [1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To the product of Example 23B (0.18 g, 0.45 mmol) in 40 mL ethanol (200 proof) was added 100 mg of Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, Aldrich). This mixture was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ (balloon) for 18 hours after which time the mixture was degassed three times with a N₂ back-flush. The mixture was then filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% ethyl acetate:hexanes) to give 85 mg of the title compound (0.27 mmol, 60% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.62 (m, 2H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 3.69 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 314 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₇NO₂.0.2H₂O: C, 75.77; H, 8.71; N, 4.42. Found: C, 75.66; H, 8.60; N, 4.16.

Example 25 [1-(2-piperidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 25A 2-piperidin-1-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

The 1-piperidineethanol (Aldrich, 0.16 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 25B [1-(2-piperidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 25A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes 50% EtOAc) afforded 0.21 g of the title compound (0.56 mmol, 91% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.54 (m, 6H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 2.47 (m, 4H), 2.74 (m, 2H), 4.26 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.81 (br s, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 353 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₂O.0.1C₆H₁₄.0.3H₂O: C, 76.58; H, 9.37; N, 7.57. Found: C, 76.48; H, 9.73; N, 7.82.

Example 26 {1-[4-(methylthio)butyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 26A 4-(methylthio)butyl Methanesulfonate

The 4-(methylthio)-1-butanol (Aldrich, 0.15 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 26B {1-[4-(methylthio)butyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 26A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% hexanes 20% EtOAc) afforded 0.19 g of the title compound (0.55 mmol, 89% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.66 (m, 2H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 2.03 (m, 2H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.53 (brt, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 344 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₂O: C, 73.42; H, 8.51; N, 4.08. Found: C, 73.36; H, 8.86; N, 4.00.

Example 27 [1-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 27A 3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl Methanesulfonate

The 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)morpholine (Aldrich, 0.18 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 27B [1-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 27A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 20% hexanes 80% EtOAc) yielded 0.15 g of the title compound (0.41 mmol, 66% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.05 (m, 2H), 2.29 (m, 2H), 2.42 (m, 4H), 3.75 (m, 4H), 4.28 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 367 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂O₂: C, 74.96; H, 8.75; N, 7.60. Found: C, 74.85; H, 8.91; N, 7.43.

Example 28 [1-(2-azepan-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 28A 2-azepan-1-ylethyl Methanesulfonate

The N-(2-hydroxyethyl)hexamethyleneimine (Lancaster, 0.18 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 28B [1-(2-azepan-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 28A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 20% hexanes 80% EtOAc) gave 0.19 g of the title compound (0.50 mmol, 81% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.62 (m, 8H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 2.70 (m, 4H), 2.94 (m, 2H), 4.22 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 8.42 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 367 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂O₂.0.2H₂O: C, 77.50; H, 9.38; N, 7.53. Found: C, 77.39; H, 9.68; N, 7.50.

Example 29 [1-(2-piperazin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Tris-Trifluoroacetic Acid Example 29A tert-butyl 4-{2-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]ethyl}piperazine-1-carboxylate

A solution of tert-butyl-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-1-carboxylate (Maybridge, 0.29 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 29B tert-butyl 4-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 29A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes 50% EtOAc) afforded 0.22 g of the title compound (0.48 mmol, 78% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 454 (M+H)⁺.

Example 29C [1-(2-piperazin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Tris-Trifluoroacetic Acid

To the product of Example 5B (0.42 g, 0.93 mmol) in 5 mL dichloromethane at 0° C. was added trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 3 mL, excess). The ice-bath was removed and the mixture stirred at 23° C. for 20 min then the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was azeotroped three times with 7 mL toluene to remove any remaining TFA. The residue was then dissolved in ethyl acetate and concentrated under reduced pressure. After sitting under vacuum for 16 hours, the resulting solids were isolated to give 0.21 g of the title compound (0.30 mmol, 63% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.34 (s, 12H), 2.01 and 2.15 (s, 1H, rotamers), 2.73 and 2.78 (m, 4H, rotamers), 2.92 and 3.00 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H, rotamers), 3.14 and 3.18 (m, 4H, rotamers), 4.40 and 4.59 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H, rotamers), 7.21 (dt, J=7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (dt, J=7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.24 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 354 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₃₁N₃O.3CF₃CO₂H.0.5H₂O: C, 47.73; H, 5.01; N, 5.96. Found: C, 47.65; H, 5.05; N, 5.83.

Example 30 {1-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 29C (0.19 g, 0.27 mmol), formaldehyde (36% aqueous solution, 10 mL), and NaBH(OAc)₃ (0.10 g, 0.47 mmol) were processed as in Example 7A. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 1% NH₄OH:5% CH₃OH:94% CH₂Cl₂) provided 65 mg of the title compound (0.17 mmol, 63% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 12H), 2.13 (s, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.51 (br m, 8H), 2.80 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (m, 1H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 7.48 (m, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.24 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 368 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₃N₃O.0.5CH₃OH: C, 73.59; H, 9.20; N, 10.96. Found: C, 73.35; H, 9.56; N, 10.98.

Example 31 3-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one Example 31A 2-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl)ethyl Methanesulfonate

The 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxazolidinone (Frinton Laboratories, 0.16 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound which was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 31B 3-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 31A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 20% hexanes 80% EtOAc) gave 0.10 g of the title compound (0.27 mmol, 44% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ 1.33 (s, 12H), 2.14 (s, 1H), 3.24 (m, 2H), 3.70 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (m, 2H), 4.48 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (m, 1H), 7.29 (dt, J=7.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (m, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.27 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 355 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₂₆N₂O₃.0.9H₂O: C, 68.05; H, 7.56; N, 7.56. Found: C, 68.23; H, 7.33; N, 7.47.

Example 32 [1-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 32A tetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl Methanesulfonate

The tetrahydro-3-furanmethanol (Aldrich, 0.13 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 32B [1-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 32A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 70% hexanes 30% EtOAc) afforded 0.16 g of the title compound (0.48 mmol, 77% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.71 (m, 1H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 2.07 (m, 1H), 2.89 (m, 1H), 3.67 (m, 2H), 3.78 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 4.14 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 326 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₂₇NO₂: C, 77.50; H, 8.36; N, 4.30. Found: C, 77.33; H, 8.47; N, 4.26.

Example 33 (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)[1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone Example 33A 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl Methanesulfonate

The 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-butanol (Lancaster, 0.16 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 33B (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)[1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 33A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 70% hexanes 30% EtOAc) gave 0.19 g of the title compound (0.53 mmol, 86% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 2.17 (m, 4H), 4.26 (br t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (m, 3H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 352 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₄F₃NO: C, 68.36; H, 6.88; N, 3.99. Found: C, 67.99; H, 7.18; N, 3.84.

Example 34 {1-[2-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 34A 2-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl Methanesulfonate

The 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (Aldrich, 0.19 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.56 mL, 4.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 34B {1-[2-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 34A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 8 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% hexanes 20% EtOAc) afforded 0.12 g of the title compound (0.32 mmol, 52% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.48 (s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.08 (m, 2H), 3.52 (m 1H), 3.99 (m, 2H), 4.36 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 370 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₃: C, 74.76; H, 8.46; N, 3.79. Found: C, 74.43; H, 8.36; N, 3.70.

Example 35 [1-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To the product of Example 34B (0.11 g, 0.30 mmol) in 2 mL of a 4:1 mixture of tetrahydropyran and water was added excess p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA, 0.1 g, 5.3 mmol). This mixture stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h then was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 100% ethyl acetate) to give 35 mg of the title compound (0.10 mmol, 34% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.67 (m, 2H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 1.97 (m, 2H), 3.46 (m, 1H), 3.63 (m, 2H), 4.39 (dd, J=8.1, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 8.39 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 330 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₇NO₃.0.5H₂O: C, 70.98; H, 8.34; N, 4.14. Found: C, 70.68; H, 8.69; N, 3.86.

Example 36 [1-(1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 36A 1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl Methanesulfonate

The glycerol formal (Aldrich, 0.26 g, 2.5 mmol), triethylamine (1.1 mL, 8.3 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.30 mL, 3.7 mmol) in 20 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 36B [1-(1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.30 g, 1.2 mmol), the product of Example 36A (2.49 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.248 g, 6.22 mmol) in 16 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 70% hexanes:30% EtOAc) yielded 0.10 g of the title compound (0.305 mmol, 25% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 3.71 (dd, J=8.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=8.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 4.89 (s, 1H), 5.09 (s, 1H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 8.42 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 328 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₅NO₃: C, 73.37; H, 7.70; N, 4.28. Found: C, 72.94; H, 7.89; N, 4.13.

Example 37 {1-[2-(benzyloxy)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 37A 2-(benzyloxy)ethyl Methanesulfonate

The 2-benzyloxyethanol (Aldrich, 0.25 g, 1.7 mmol), triethylamine (0.67 mL, 5.0 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.19 mL, 2.5 mmol) in 20 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 37B {1-[2-(benzyloxy)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.20 g, 0.83 mmol), the product of Example 37A (1.66 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.17 g, 4.1 mmol) in 10 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% hexanes 20% EtOAc) afforded 0.20 g of the title compound (0.54 mmol, 65% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.27 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 3.84 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.36 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.47 (s, 2H), 7.23 (m, 4H), 7.29 (m, 4H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 8.43 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 376 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₅H₂₉NO₂: C, 79.96; H, 7.78; N, 3.73. Found: C, 79.86; H, 7.63; N, 3.49.

Example 38 [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To the product of Example 37B (0.19 g, 0.51 mmol) in 20 mL ethanol (200 proof) was added Pd/C (0.10 g, 10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, Aldrich). This mixture was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ (balloon) for 2 h after which time the reaction mixture was degassed three times with a N₂ back-flush. The mixture was then filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 30% ethyl acetate:hexanes) to give 68 mg of the title compound (0.24 mmol, 47% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 4.03 (m, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 8.43 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 286 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calculated for C₁₈H₂₃NO₂: C, 75.76; H, 8.12; N, 4.91. Found: C, 75.55; H, 7.82; N, 4.88.

Example 39 {1-[3-(benzyloxy)propyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 39A 3-(benzyloxy)propyl Methanesulfonate

The 3-benzyloxypropanol (Aldrich, 0.28 g, 1.7 mmol), triethylamine (0.67 mL, 5.0 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.19 mL, 2.5 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 39B {1-[3-(benzyloxy)propyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.20 g, 0.83 mmol), the product of Example 39A (1.7 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.17 g, 4.1 mmol) in 10 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% hexanes 20% EtOAc) resulted in 0.27 g of the title compound (0.69 mmol, 84% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.27 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 3.43 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.35 (m, 6H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.42 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 390 (M+H)⁺; Anal. calculated for C₂₆H₃₁NO₂: C, 80.17; H, 8.02; N, 3.60. Found: C, 79.91; H, 7.97; N, 3.36.

Example 40 [1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To the product of Example 39B (0.24 g, 0.62 mmol) in 40 mL ethanol (200 proof) was added 200 mg of Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, Aldrich). This mixture was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ (balloon) for 12 h after which time the reaction mixture was degassed three times with a N₂ back-flush. The mixture was then filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 30% ethyl acetate:hexanes) to give 0.13 g of the title compound (0.43 mmol, 69% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 2.12 (m, 2H), 3.67 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.34 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 300 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₁₉H₂₅NO₂.0.2H₂O: C, 75.31; H, 8.45; N, 4.62. Found: C, 75.60; H, 8.11; N, 4.25.

Example 41 {1-[5-(benzyloxy)pentyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 41A 5-(benzyloxy)pentyl Methanesulfonate

The 5-benzyloxypentanol (Aldrich, 0.32 g, 1.7 mmol), triethylamine (0.67 mL, 5.0 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.19 mL, 2.5 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 41B {1-[5-(benzyloxy)pentyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.20 g, 0.83 mmol), the product of Example 41A (1.7 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.17 g, 4.1 mmol) in 10 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% hexanes 20% EtOAc) gave 0.30 g of the title compound (0.71 mmol, 86% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.67 (m, 2H), 1.91 (m, 2H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 3.46 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.31 (m, 6H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 418 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₈H₃₅NO₂: C, 80.54; H, 8.45; N, 3.35. Found: C, 80.22; H, 8.67; N, 3.30.

Example 42 [1-(5-hydroxypentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To the product of Example 41B (0.29 g, 0.69 mmol) in 40 mL ethanol (200 proof) was added 200 mg of Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, Aldrich). This mixture was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ (balloon) for 16 h after which time the reaction mixture was degassed three times with a N₂ back-flush. The mixture was then filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% ethyl acetate:hexanes) to give 0.16 g of the title compound (0.47 mmol, 68% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.47 (m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 2H), 1.94 (m, 2H), 3.65 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 328 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₂₉NO₂.0.5H₂O: C, 74.96; H, 8.99; N, 4.16. Found: C, 74.93; H, 9.06; N, 4.16.

Example 44 [1-(3-methoxypropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To a solution of the major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol) in 10 mL DMF at 0° C. was added NaH (60% dispersal in mineral oil, 0.10 g, 2.6 mmol). This mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and allowed to stir for 1 h. The solution was again cooled to 0° C. and 1-bromo-3-methoxypropane (Matrix Scientific, 0.19 mg, 1.2 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was warmed to 45° C. at which temperature the reaction was allowed to stir for 4 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, quenched with 10 mL saturated, aqueous NH₄Cl and ice. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3×10 mL ethyl acetate. The combined organics were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 30% ethyl acetate:hexanes) to give 0.12 g of the title compound (0.38 mmol, 62% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 2.11 (m, 2H), 3.31 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 4.30 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 314 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₇NO₂: C, 76.64; H, 8.68; N, 4.47. Found: C, 76.49; H, 8.57; N, 4.22.

Example 51 [1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylacetyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 51A tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylacetyl Chloride

A solution of tetrahydropyran-4-yl acetic acid (Combi-Blocks, Inc., 0.18 g, 1.2 mmol) in thionyl chloride (7 mL, 96 mmol, excess) was refluxed for 1 h then was cooled to ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was azeotroped twice with 10 mL of benzene to remove any remaining thionyl chloride. The resulting acid chloride was used without further purification.

Example 51B [1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylacetyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 51A (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 75 mg, 3.1 mmol) in 5 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Recrystallization with EtOAc and hexanes resulted in 0.16 g of the title compound (0.44 mmol, 70% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.51 (m, 2H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 2.00 (m, 2H), 2.36 (m, 1H), 2.93 (m, 2H), 3.49 (dt, J=11.9, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (dd, J=11.9, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 8.32 (m, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 368 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₉NO₃: C, 75.17; H, 7.95; N, 3.81. Found: C, 75.03; H, 8.06; N, 3.84.

Example 52 methyl 4-({3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate Example 52A methyl 4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

To 4-hydroxymethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (TCI-JP, 0.50 g, 3.2 mmol) in 10 mL CH₃OH was added 0.50 mL concentrated H₂SO₄. This mixture was warmed to reflux and allowed to stir for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled and NH₄OH was added until the solution tested basic using pH paper. The mixture was then extracted with 3×5 mL ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated, aqueous NaCl then were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 0.45 g of the title compound (0.26 mmol, 83% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 190 (M+NH₄)⁺.

Example 52B methyl 4-{[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]methyl}cyclohexanecarboxylate

The product of Example 52A (0.214 g, 1.2 mmol), triethylamine (0.52 mL, 3.73 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.144 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 52C methyl 4-({3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the product of Example 52B (1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 50 mg, 1.2 mmol) in 10 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% hexanes:20% EtOAc) gave 88 mg of the title compound (0.22 mmol, 36% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.32 (m, 2H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.55 (m, 4H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.07 (m, 3H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 4.02 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 396 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₅H₃₃NO₃: C, 75.91; H, 8.41; N, 3.54. Found: C, 75.63; H, 8.70; N, 3.33.

Example 53 3-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}propanamide

The major product of Example 1B (0.20 g, 0.83 mmol), 3-chloropropionamide (Aldrich, 0.18 g, 1.7 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.10 g, 2.5 mmol) in 5 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 5% CH₃OH: 95% EtOAc) afforded 26 mg of the title compound (0.082 mmol, 10% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.75 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.55 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 5.27 (br s, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 8.43 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 313 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₁₉H₂₄N₂O₂.0.25H₂O: C, 72.01; H, 7.79; N, 8.84. Found: C, 71.86; H, 7.41; N, 8.68.

Example 54 6-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}hexan-2-one

The major product of Example 1B (0.20 g, 0.83 mmol), 2-chloro-2-hexanone (Aldrich, 0.22 g, 1.7 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.10 g, 2.5 mmol) in 5 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D. Purification via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes:50% EtOAc) resulted in 43 mg of the title compound (0.13 mmol, 15% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.65 (m, 4H), 1.89 (m, 2H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.46 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 34 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₂: C, 77.84; H, 8.61; N, 4.13. Found: C, 77.57; H, 8.97; N, 3.84.

Example 55 {1-[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 55A [(4S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methyl methanesulfonate

The (R)-(−)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol (Aldrich, 0.38 mL, 3.1 mmol), triethylamine (0.85 mL, 6.1 mmol), and methanesulfonyl chloride (0.31 mL, 4.1 mmol) in 10 mL THF were processed as described in Example 1C to give the title compound that was used directly in the next reaction.

Example 55B (1-{[(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methyl}-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.49 g, 2.0 mmol), the product of Example 55A (3.05 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.24 g, 6.1 mmol) in 15 mL DMF were processed as in Example 1D to give 0.65 g of a 4.4:1 inseparable mixture of the title compound and the major product of Example 1B. This mixture was used without further purification. The mixture was isolated via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes 50% EtOAc). Title compound: MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 356 (M+H)⁺; major product of Example 1B: MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 242 (M+H)⁺.

Example 55C {1-[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To the mixture obtained from Example 55B in 10 mL THF was added 5 mL H₂O followed by 1.7 g of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (9.1 mmol). This mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours then was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 90% ethyl acetate:hexanes) to give 0.30 g of the title compound (0.95 mmol, 47% two-step yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J=11.2, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (dd, J=11.2, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (m, 3H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 8.41 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 316 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₂.0.1H₂O: C, 71.94; H, 8.01; N, 4.42. Found: C, 71.65; H, 8.03; N, 4.10.

Example 57 [2-methyl-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Hydrochloride Example 57A (2-Methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 2-methylindole (0.75 g, 5.7 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 6.6 mL, 6.6 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 6.6 mL, 6.6 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (6.3 mmol) in 15 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.76 g, 3.0 mmol, 52% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 256 (M+H)⁺.

Example 57B [2-methyl-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Hydrochloride

The product of Example 57A (0.22 g, 0.87 mmol), the product of Example 2A (1.8 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.18 g, 4.4 mmol) in 8 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the corresponding free base of the title compound (0.25 g, 0.68 mmol, 78% yield), which was then treated with 4 N HCl in dioxane (0.68 mmol, 0.17 mL) to afford the title compound (0.15 g, 0.36 mmol, 53% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.38 (s, 6H), 2.22 (s, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 3.14-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.53 (m, 3H), 3.53-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.96 (m, 2H), 4.01-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.63-4.71 (m, 2H), 7.23 (dt, J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dt, J=7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.86-7.93 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 369 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₂.1.25HCl: C, 66.71; H, 8.09; N, 6.76. Found: C, 66.68; H, 8.20; N, 6.71.

Example 58 [4-amino-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 58A (4-Nitro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 4-nitroindole (1.0 g, 6.2 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M in THF, 6.8 mL, 6.8 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 6.8 mL, 6.8 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (6.8 mmol) in 15 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.15 g, 0.53 mmol, 8% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 287 (M+H)⁺.

Example 58B [1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-4-nitro-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 58A (0.15 g, 0.53 mmol), the product of Example 2A (0.79 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 63 mg, 1.6 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF 10 mL were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.14 g, 0.35 mmol, 66% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.28 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.79 (s, 1H), 2.44-2.55 (m, 4H), 2.78 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.63-3.77 (m, 4H), 4.29 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 400 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉N₃O₄: C, 66.14; H, 7.32; N, 10.52. Found: C, 65.80; H, 7.34; N, 10.49.

Example 59 [4-amino-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

A mixture of the product of Example 58B (0.11 g, 0.28 mmol) and 20 mg of Pd/C (10 weight % palladium on activated carbon) in 10 mL of EtOH was stirred under 1 atmosphere of H₂ (balloon) for 4 hours. The system was purged with an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 10% methanol in dichloromethane containing 1% NH₄OH) to afford a quantitative yield of the title compound. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 11.30 (s, 12H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.49-2.66 (m, 4H), 2.75-2.95 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.83 (m, 4H), 4.17-4.40 (m, 2H), 6.40 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 370 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₃₁N₃O₂: C, 71.51; H, 8.46; N, 11.37. Found: C, 71.49; H, 8.77;N, 11.14.

Example 60 cycloheptyl[1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone Example 60A cycloheptyl-(1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone

Cycloheptane carboxylic acid (1.5 g, 10 mmol) in 5 mL of thionyl chloride was processed as described in Example 1A to provide the corresponding acid chloride. The freshly prepared acid chloride (10 mmol), indole (1.2 g, 10 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 11 mL, 11 mmol), and zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 11 mL, 11 mmol) in 20 mL of dichloromethane were processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.36 g, 1.5 mmol, 15% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 242 (M+H)⁺.

Example 60B cycloheptyl[1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone

The product of Example 60A (0.10 g, 0.42 mmol), NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 50 mg, 1.2 mmol) and the product of Example 2A (0.17 g, 0.83 mmol) in 8 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (78 mg, 0.22 mmol, 52% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.58-1.70 (m, 6H), 1.75-1.91 (m, 4H), 1.92-2.05 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.57 (m, 4H), 2.73-2.84 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.75 (m, 4H), 4.21-4.31 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 8.37-8.45 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 355 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₃₀N₂O₂.0.2H₂O: C, 73.79; H, 8.56; N, 7.82. Found: C, 73.76; H, 8.68; N, 7.77.

Example 61 (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-methylcyclobutyl)[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone Example 61A (1H-Indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-methylcyclobutyl)methanone

A mixture of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-(methyl)-cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride (ABCR, 1.0 g, 4.9 mmol), indole (0.57 g, 4.9 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 5.4 ml, 5.4 mmol) and zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 5.4 mL, 5.4 mmol) in 50 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.40 g, 1.4 mmol, 29% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 286 (M+H)⁺.

Example 61B (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-methylcyclobutyl)[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone

The product of Example 61A (0.15 g, 0.53 mmol), the product of Example 18A (1.1 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 84 mg, 2.1 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (35 mg, 0.09 mmol, 17% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.35-1.59 (m, 5H), 1.71 (s, 3H), 2.06-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.44 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.93-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.05-4.19 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.67 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.37-8.49 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 384 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₁FNO₂: C, 62.66; H, 5.52; N, 3.65. Found: C, 63.00; H, 5.83; N, 3.66.

Example 62 cyclopentyl[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone Example 62A cyclopentyl-(1H-indol-3-yl)-methanone

Cyclopentane carboxylic acid (1.1 g, 10 mmol) in 5 mL of thionyl chloride was processed as described in Example 1A to provide the corresponding acid chloride. The freshly prepared acid chloride (10 mmol), indole (1.2 g, 10 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 11 mL, 11 mmol), and zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 11 mL, 11 mmol) in 30 mL of dichloromethane were processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.51 g, 2.4 mmol, 24% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 214 (M+H)⁺.

Example 62B cyclopentyl[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone

The product of Example 62A (0.10 g, 0.47 mmol), the product of Example 18A (0.94 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 57 mg, 1.4 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (45 mg, 0.14 mmol, 31% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.34-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.87-2.07 (m, 4H), 2.08-2.22 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.45-3.61 (m, 1H), 3.92-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.05 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 8.40-8.47 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 312 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₅NO₂.0.2H₂O: C, 76.25; H, 8.13; N, 4.45. Found: C, 76.29; H, 8.09; N, 4.56.

Example 63 cyclopentyl[1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone

The product of Example 62A (0.10 g, 0.47 mmol), NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 57 mg, 1.4 mmol) and the product of Example 2A (0.94 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (15 mg, 0.04 mmol, 4% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.61-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.86-2.08 (m, 4H), 2.41-2.57 (m, 4H), 2.73-2.85 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.61 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.79 (m, 4H), 4.18-4.36 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.43 (m, 3H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 8.38-8.49 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 327 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₆N₂O₂.0.2H₂O: C, 72.78; H, 8.06; N, 8.49. Found: C, 72.78; H, 7.95; N, 8.54.

Example 64 4-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}butyl Acetate

To a solution of the product of Example 24A (0.11 g, 0.35 mmol) in 2 mL of THF at ambient temperature was added pyridine (57 μL, 0.70 mmol) followed by acetic anhydride (50 μL, 0.53 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours then was quenched with 2 mL H₂O. The mixture was diluted with 5 mL of EtOAc and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted 3×3 mL of EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 70% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (85 mg, 0.24 mmol, 68% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.62-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.92-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 4.10 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.37-8.43 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 356 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₂.0.1C₆H₁₄.0.15C₄H₈O₂: C, 73.85; H, 8.44; N, 3.71. Found: C, 73.58; H, 8.70; N, 3.61.

Example 65 (2E)-4-oxo-4-(4-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}butoxy)but-2-enoic Acid

To a solution of the product of Example 24A (0.71 g, 2.3 mmol) in 140 mL Et₂O at ambient temperature was added triethylamine (0.32 mL, 2.3 mL) followed by fumaryl chloride (0.26 mL, 2.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 10 mL of EtOAc and washed 4×3 mL of H₂O and 1×3 mL of brine and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (9% CH₃OH: 1% AcOH: 90% EtOAc) to provide the title compound (0.42 g, 1.0 mmol, 44% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.69-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.96 (s, 1H), 1.97-2.07 (m, 2H), 4.16-4.32 (m, 4H), 6.88 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.25-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.33-8.43 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 412 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₂₉NO₅: C, 70.05; H, 7.10; N, 3.40. Found: C, 69.80; H, 7.40; N, 3.25.

Example 66 [6-chloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 66A (6-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 6-chloroindole (0.38 g, 2.5 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 3.0 mL, 3.0 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 3.0 mL, 3.0 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (3.0 mmol) in 10 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.23 g, 0.83 mmol, 34% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 276 (M+H)⁺.

Example 66B [6-chloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 66A (0.23 g, 0.83 mmol), the product of Example 18A (1.4 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.10 g, 2.5 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (85 mg, 0.22 mmol, 27% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 2.06-2.22 (m, 1H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.03 (m, 4H), 7.22 (dd, J=8.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 374 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₈ClNO₂.0.2H₂O0.2 C₆H₁₄: C, 70.59; H, 7.97; N, 3.55. Found: C, 70.48; H, 8.35; N, 3.79.

Example 67 4-({3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)phenyl Acetate

The major product of Example 1B (0.50 g, 2.1 mmol), 4-(chloromethyl)phenyl acetate (0.35 mL, 2.3 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.17 g, 4.1 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (67 mg, 0.17 mmol, 8% yield) and the product of Example 68 (0.22 g, 0.60 mmol, 31% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.28 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 7.02-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 8.39-8.47 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 390 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₅H₂₇NO₃: C, 77.09; H, 6.99; N, 3.60. Found: C, 76.87; H, 7.20; N, 3.35.

Example 68 [1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The title compound was obtained by the method described in Example 67. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.27 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 5.27 (s, 2H), 6.75-6.84 (m, 2H), 7.01-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.36-8.45 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 348 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₅NO₂: C, 79.51; H, 7.25; N, 4.03.

Found: C, 79.43; H, 7.40; N, 3.81.

Example 69 [6-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 69A (6-Benzyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 6-benzyloxyindole (Lancaster, 2.0 g, 9.0 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 11 mL, 11 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 11 mL, 11 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (13.4 mmol) in 30 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (2.0 g, 5.8 mmol, 64% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 348 (M+H)⁺.

Example 69B [6-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 69A (0.90 g, 2.6 mmol), the product of Example 18A (4.4 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.31 g, 7.8 mmol) in 15 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.87 g, 2.0 mmol, 75% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.34-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 1.98-2.12 (m, 1H), 3.30 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.91-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.93 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 6.81 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (dd, J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.43-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 446 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₉H₃₅NO₃: C, 78.17; H, 7.92; N, 3.14. Found: C, 78.03; H, 8.07; N, 3.16.

Example 70 [6-hydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 69B (0.64 g, 1.4 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 100 mg) in 20 mL of EtOH and 10 mL of EtOAc was stirred under 1 atmosphere of H₂ (balloon) for 16 hours. The system was purged with an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (0.48 g, 1.35 mmol, 94% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 2.06-2.21 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.8, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.97-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.67 (s, 1H), 6.76-6.81 (m, 2H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 356 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₃: C, 74.33; H, 8.22; N, 3.94. Found: C, 74.38; H, 7.96; N, 3.86.

Example 71 (2E)-4-oxo-4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-6-yl}oxy)but-2-enoic Acid

The product of Example 70 (0.33 g, 0.93 mmol), furmaryl chloride (0.11 mL, 0.98 mmol) and triethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.93 mmol) in 60 mL Et₂O and 15 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 65 to provide the title compound (0.36 g, 0.78 mmol, 84% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.08-2.22 (m, 1H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.6, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.05 (m, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.02-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 2H), 7.17-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 454 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₆H₃₁NO₆: C, 68.86; H, 6.89; N, 3.09. Found: C, 68.70; H, 6.66; N, 3.33.

Example 72 [6-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To a solution of the product of Example 70 (0.15 g, 0.42 mmol) in 10 mL of THF was added NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 51 mg, 1.3 mmol) followed by CH₃I (39 μL, 0.63 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours then was quenched with 3 mL of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The mixture was diluted with 10 mL of EtOAc, the layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3×3 mL of EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 30% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (86 mg, 0.23 mmol, 55% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.34-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 2.05-2.24 (m, 1H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.94-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.97 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 370 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₃: C, 74.76; H, 8.46; N, 3.79. Found: C, 74.53; H, 8.44; N, 3.49.

Example 73 {1-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

(R)-(−)-Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (Lancaster, 0.33 mL, 3.4 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.35 mL, 4.5 mmol), and triethylamine (0.78 mL, 5.6 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 1C to provide the corresponding mesylate. The major product of Example 1B (0.27 g, 1.1 mmol), the freshly prepared mesylate (3.4 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.13 g, 3.4 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.28 g, 0.86 mmol, 77% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.46-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.93-2.07 (m, 1H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 3.72-3.91 (m, 2H), 4.13-4.34 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 8.38-8.45 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 326 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₂₇NO₂.0.1H₂O: C, 77.50; H, 8.36; N, 4.30. Found: C, 77.21; H, 8.34; N, 4.18.

Example 74 [5-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 74A (5-Benzyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 5-benzyloxyindole (1.2 g, 5.6 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 6.1 mL, 6.1 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 6.1 mL, 6.1 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (5.6 mmol) in 25 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.53 g, 1.5 mmol, 27% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 348 (M+H)⁺.

Example 74B [5-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 74A (0.52 g, 1.5 mmol), the product of Example 18A (2.6 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.18 g, 4.5 mmol) in 12 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.45 g, 1.0 mmol, 67% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31-1.31 (m, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.34-1.52 (m, 4H), 2.10 (s, 1H), 2.13-2.27 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.99 (m, 2H), 4.12 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 6.97 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.43 (m, 4H), 7.44-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.92 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 446 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₉H₃₅NO₃.0.8H₂O: C, 75.72; H, 8.02; N, 3.04. Found: C, 75.90; H, 7.78; N, 2.85.

Example 75 (1-benzyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), benzyl bromide (0.15 mL, 1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 12 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.19 g, 0.56 mmol, 90% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 2.13 (s, 1H), 5.47 (s, 2H), 7.15-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.25-7.40 (m, 5H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.21-8.31 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 332 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₅NO: C, 83.34; H, 7.60; N, 4.23. Found: C, 83.22; H, 7.65; N, 4.02.

Example 76 [7-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 76A (7-Benzyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 7-benzyloxyindole (Matrix Scientific, 2.0 g, 9.0 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 11 mL, 11 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 11 mL, 11 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (13.4 mmol) in 30 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (1.3 g, 3.6 mmol, 40% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 348 (M+H)⁺.

Example 76B [7-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 76A (1.3 g, 3.6 mmol), the product of Example 18A (6.1 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.43 g, 11 mmol) in 20 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (1.2 g, 2.7 mmol, 75% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.02-1.23 (m, 4H), 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 1.93-2.09 (m, 1H), 3.13 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.77-3.88 (m, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.50 (m, 5H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J=8.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 446 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₉H₃₅NO₃.0.2H₂O: C, 77.54; H, 7.94; N, 3.12. Found: C, 77.44; H, 7.81; N, 3.04.

Example 77 [1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 68 (0.11 g, 0.32 mmol), NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 38 mg, 0.95 mmol) and iodomethane (50 μL, 0.79 mmol) in 3 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 72 to provide the title compound (70 mg, 0.19 mmol, 61% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.27 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 6.81-6.92 (m, 2H), 7.07-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.37-8.45 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 362 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₂₇NO₂: C, 79.74; H, 7.53; N, 3.87. Found: C, 79.40; H, 7.27; N, 3.87.

Example 78 [1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), 1-chloromethyl-3-methoxybenzene (0.17 mL, 1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.11 g, 0.30 mmol, 49% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 2.13 (s, 1H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 6.72-6.79 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.87 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.32-7.42 (m, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 8.21-8.30 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 362 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₂₇NO₂: C, 79.74; H, 7.53; N, 3.87. Found: C, 80.02; H, 7.50; N, 3.70.

Example 79 [5-hydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

A mixture of the product of Example 74B (0.38 g, 0.85 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 160 mg) in 30 mL EtOH and 10 mL of EtOAc was processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.27 g, 0.75 mmol, 89% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 12H), 1.33-1.54 (m, 4H), 2.08 (s, 1H), 2.10-2.25 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dt, J=11.5, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.88-3.98 (m, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.79 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 356 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₃: C, 74.33; H, 8.22; N, 3.94. Found: C, 74.14; H, 8.21; N, 3.97.

Example 80 [1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

A mixture of piperonyl alcohol (0.16 g, 1.1 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.11 mL, 1.4 mmol), and triethylamine (0.29 mL, 2.1 mmol) in 10 mL of THF was processed as described in Example 1C to provide the corresponding mesylate. The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the freshly prepared mesylate (1.1 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 75 mg, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.11 g, 0.30 mmol, 49% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 2.13 (s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 2H), 5.91 (s, 2H), 6.69-6.79 (m, 3H), 7.15-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.43 (m, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 8.21-8.29 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 376 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₂₅NO₃: C, 76.77; H, 6.71; N, 3.73. Found: C, 76.51; H, 6.70; N, 3.79.

Example 81 [7-hydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 76B (1.1 g, 2.5 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 113 mg) in 50 mL of EtOH and 50 mL of EtOAc were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.79 g, 2.2 mmol, 87% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.91 (s, 1H), 2.13-2.27 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.92-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.31 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.63 (dd, J=7.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J=8.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 356 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₃: C, 74.33; H, 8.22; N, 3.94. Found: C, 74.43; H, 8.30; N, 3.98.

Example 82 [1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

A mixture of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylmethanol (Acros, 0.18 g, 1.1 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.11 mL, 1.4 mmol), and triethylamine (0.29 mL, 2.1 mmol) in 10 mL of THF was processed as described in Example 1C to provide the corresponding mesylate.

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the freshly prepared mesylate (1.1 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 75 mg, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.14 g, 0.36 mmol, 58% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 2.12 (s, 1H), 4.19 (s, 4H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 6.68-6.75 (m, 2H), 6.75-6.81 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.41 (m, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.21-8.29 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 390 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₅H₂₇NO₃: C, 77.09; H, 6.99; N, 3.60. Found: C, 76.87; H, 7.00; N, 3.61.

Example 83 (2E)-4-oxo-4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}oxy)but-2-enoic acid

The product of Example 81 (0.20 g, 0.56 mmol), furmaryl chloride (68 μL, 0.59 mmol) and triethylamine (78 μL, 0.56 mmol) in 60 mL Et₂O were processed as described in Example 65 to provide the title compound (0.11 g, 0.24 mmol, 42% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.34-1.46 (m, 4H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 1.97-2.11 (m, 1H), 3.31 (dt, J=10.9, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 454 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₆H₃₁NO₆.0.2H₂O: C, 68.31; H, 6.92; N, 3.06. Found: C, 68.05; H, 6.83; N, 2.94.

Example 84 [7-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 81 (0.14 g, 0.39 mmol), NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 47 mg, 1.2 mmol) and iodomethane (61 μL, 0.98 mmol) in 3 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 72 to provide the title compound (88 mg, 0.24 mmol, 61% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.34-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 2.04-2.20 (m, 1H), 3.32 (dt, J=11.4, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.28 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.71 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J=8.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 370 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₃.0.2H₂O: C, 74.04; H, 8.48; N, 3.75. Found: C, 74.10; H, 8.39; N, 3.72.

Example 85 methyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxylate Example 85A 3-(2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyl)-1H-indole-6-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

A mixture of methyl-indole-6-carboxylate (2.0 g, 11.4 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 14 mL, 14 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 14 mL, 14 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (17 mmol) in 30 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (1.35 g, 4.5 mmol, 40% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 300 (M+H)⁺.

Example 85B methyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxylate

The product of Example 85A (1.4 g, 4.5 mmol), the product of Example 18A (9.0 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.54 g, 14 mmol) in 30 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compounds (0.43 g, 1.1 mmol, 24% yield) and the product of Example 86 (0.37 g, 0.97 mmol, 21% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.54 (m, 4H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.10-2.24 (m, 1H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.4, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 3.97-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.10 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J=8.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 8.44 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 398 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₃₁NO₄.0.1H₂O: C, 72.19; H, 7.88; N, 3.51. Found: C, 71.88; H, 7.79; N, 3.45.

Example 86 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxylic Acid

The title compound was obtained by the methods described in Example 85: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.41-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.14-2.24 (m, 1H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.95-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.12 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.99 (dd, J=8.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 8.46 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 384 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₉NO₄.0.4H₂O: C, 70.71; H, 7.69; N, 3.59. Found: C, 70.54; H, 7.54; N, 3.60.

Example 87 {1-[(5-chloro-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), 5-chloro-3-(chloromethyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazole (Maybridge, 0.21 g, 1.2 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (50 mg, 0.13 mmol, 22% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.37 (s, 6H), 2.07 (s, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 7.43 (dt, J=7.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (dt, J=7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.85-7.92 (m, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.47-8.54 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 374 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₁₉H₂₀ClN₃OS.0.4H₂O: C, 59.88; H, 5.50; N, 11.03. Found: C, 59.71; H, 5.07; N, 11.12.

Example 88 (2E)-4-oxo-4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)but-2-enoic acid

The product of Example 79 (77 mg, 0.22 mmol), furmaryl chloride (25 μL, 0.23 mmol) and triethylamine (30 μL, 0.22 mmol) in 20 mL Et₂O and 4 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 65 to provide the title compound (51 mg, 0.11 mmol, 51% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.55 (m, 4H), 2.13 (s, 1H), 2.16-2.28 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dt, J=10.9, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.89-3.99 (m, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 454 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₆H₃₁NO₆: C, 68.86; H, 6.89; N, 3.09. Found: C, 68.77; H, 6.72; N, 3.06.

Example 89 [1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The 2-hydroxymethylbenzothiazole (Acros, 0.18 g, 1.1 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.11 mL, 1.4 mmol), and triethylamine (0.29 mL, 2.1 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 1C to provide the corresponding mesylate. The major product of Example 1B (0.15 g, 0.62 mmol), the freshly prepared mesylate (1.1 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 75 mg, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (55 mg, 0.14 mmol, 23% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.97 (s, 1H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 7.26-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.51 (ddd, J=8.3, 7.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76-7.82 (m, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.39-8.49 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 389 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₂₄N₂OS: C, 74.19; H, 6.23; N, 7.21. Found: C, 74.06; H, 6.25; N, 7.04.

Example 90 ethyl N-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-6-yl}carbonyl)-beta-alaninate

To a solution of the product of Example 86 (0.26 g, 0.68 mmol) in 5 mL of EtOAc was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (0.13 g, 0.81 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours then β-alanine ethyl ester hydrochloride (0.13 g, 0.81 mmol) in 1 mL H₂O was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour then warmed to reflux and allowed to stir for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, quenched with 5 mL of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted 3×3 mL of EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (50% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (55 mg, 0.11 mmol, 17% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.28 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.13-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (q, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.92-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.10 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.90-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 483 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₈H₃₈N₂O₅: C, 69.68; H, 7.94; N, 5.80. Found: C, 69.00; H, 7.71; N, 5.79.

Example 91 [5-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 79 (0.11 g, 0.30 mmol), NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 48 mg, 1.2 mmol) and iodomethane (76 μL, 0.90 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 72 to provide the title compound (59 mg, 0.16 mmol, 53% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.53 (m, 4H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 2.04-2.21 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.94-4.00 (m, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (dd, J=9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 370 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₃.0.2H₂O: C, 74.04; H, 8.48; N, 3.75. Found: C, 73.92; H, 8.31; N, 3.66.

Example 92 [4-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 92A (4-Benzyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 4-benzyloxyindole (1.1 g, 4.8 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 5.2 mL, 5.2 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 5.2 mL, 5.2 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (4.8 mmol) in 25 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.56 g, 1.6 mmol, 34% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 348 (M+H)⁺.

Example 92B [4-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 92A (0.56 g, 1.6 mmol), the product of Example 18A (2.7 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.19 g, 4.8 mmol) in 12 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.49 g, 1.1 mmol, 68% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.14 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.34-1.53 (m, 4H), 2.05 (s, 1H), 2.06-2.20 (m, 1H), 3.32 (dt, J=11.6, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.92-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.97 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 6.66 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.44-7.54 (m, 3H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 446 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₉H₃₅NO₃: C, 78.17; H, 7.92; N, 3.14. Found: C, 78.25; H, 7.79; N, 3.18.

Example 93 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxamide

To a solution of the product of Example 86 (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol) in 5 mL of EtOAc was added 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (57 mg, 0.35 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hour then 1 mL of concentrated aqueous ammonium hydroxide was added (15 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 35° C. for 16 hours then was cooled to ambient temperature, quenched with 5 mL of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted 3×3 mL of EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (10% CH₃OH in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (52 mg, 0.14 mmol, 50% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.54 (m, 4H), 2.16 (s, 1H), 2.20-2.31 (m, 1H), 3.38 (dt, J=11.2, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.89-3.98 (m, 2H), 4.22 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 8.30-8.35 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 383 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₀N₂O₃.0.5 C₂H₄O₂ (acetic acid): C, 69.88; H, 7.82; N, 6.79. Found: C, 69.70; H, 7.42; N, 6.79.

Example 94 1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-7-carboxylic acid

The title compound was obtained by the methods described in Example 95. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.98 (s, 1H), 2.56-2.75 (m, 4H), 2.78-2.91 (m, 2H), 3.76-3.91 (m, 4H), 4.48-4.62 (m, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 399 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₀N₂O₄: C, 68.32; H, 7.59; N, 7.03. Found: C, 68.92; H, 7.57; N, 6.93.

Example 95 2-morpholin-4-ylethyl 1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-7-carboxylate Dihydrochloride Example 95A 3-(2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyl)-1H-indole-7-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

A mixture of methyl-indole-7-carboxylate (Maybridge, 1.0 g, 5.7 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 6.9 mL, 6.9 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 6.9 mL, 6.9 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (7.4 mmol) in 25 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (1.1 g, 3.6 mmol, 63% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 300 (M+H)⁺.

Example 95B 2-morpholin-4-ylethyl 1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-7-carboxylate Dihydrochloride

The product of Example 95A (0.47 g, 2.1 mmol), the product of Example 2A (3.1 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.16 g, 4.1 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound of Example 94 (0.13 g, 0.33 mmol, 16% yield) and the free base of the morpholinylethyl ester (30 mg, 0.06 mmol, 2% yield), which was treated with 4 N HCl in dioxane (0.12 mmol, 60 μL) to provide the title compound (25 mg, 0.04 mmol, 67% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 3.12-3.29 (m, 4H), 3.32-3.47 (m, 4H), 3.70-3.78 (m, 4H), 3.86-4.09 (m, 8H), 4.80-4.84 (m, 2H), 4.88-4.97 (m, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J=7.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.69 (dd, J=8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 512 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₂-2HCl: C, 59.58; H, 7.41; N, 7.19. Found: C, 59.71; H, 7.45;N, 7.11.

Example 96 [4-hydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 92B (0.44 g, 0.98 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 200 mg) in 60 mL EtOH were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.23 g, 0.65 mmol, 67% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 2.08-2.25 (m, 1H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.95-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.99 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.69 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 12.04 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 356 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₃: 74.33; H, 8.22; N, 3.94. Found: C, 74.08; H, 8.16; N, 3.86.

Example 97 [4-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 96 (63 mg, 0.18 mmol), NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 28 mg, 0.71 mmol) and iodomethane (45 μL, 0.53 mmol) in 5 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 72 to provide the title compound (53 mg, 0.14 mmol, 81% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.28 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.52 (m, 4H), 2.02-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.53 (s, 1H), 3.31 (dt, J=11.6, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.93-4.00 (m, 4H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 6.67 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 370 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₃: C, 74.76; H, 8.46; N, 3.79. Found: C, 74.76; H, 8.63; N, 3.79.

Example 98 [6-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 98A (6-Methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

A mixture of 6-methylindole (1.0 g, 7.6 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 9.1 mL, 9.1 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 9.1 mL, 9.1 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (11 mmol) in 25 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (1.3 g, 5.0 mmol, 65% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 256 (M+H)⁺.

Example 98B [6-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 98A (0.38 g, 1.5 mmol), the product of Example 18A (3.0 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.18 g, 4.5 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.17 g, 0.48 mmol, 32% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 2.07-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.93-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.06-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 354 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₂: C, 78.15; H, 8.84; N, 3.96. Found: C, 78.03; H, 8.64; N, 3.92.

Example 99 [6-(benzyloxy)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 69A (0.96 g, 2.8 mmol), the product of Example 2A (4.1 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.33 g, 8.3 mmol) in 20 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (1.2 g, 2.7 mmol, 96% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 2.42-2.54 (m, 4H), 2.73 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.65-3.77 (m, 4H), 4.17 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J=8.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.43-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 461 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₂: C, 75.62; H, 7.88; N, 6.08. Found: C, 75.31; H, 7.81; N, 6.04.

Example 100 [6-hydroxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 99 (1.0 g, 2.2 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 100 mg) in 20 mL EtOH and 10 mL of EtOAc were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.75 g, 2.0 mmol, 90% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 2.45-2.64 (m, 4H), 2.74-2.89 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.80 (m, 4H), 4.14-4.30 (m, 2H), 6.79 (dd, J=8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.81-6.85 (m, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 371 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₃₀N₂O₃: C, 71.32; H, 8.16; N, 7.56. Found: C, 71.18; H, 8.33; N, 7.52.

Example 101 [6-methoxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 100 (0.20 g, 0.54 mmol), NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 65 mg, 1.6 mmol) and iodomethane (84 μL, 1.4 mmol) in 5 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 72 to provide the title compound (70 mg, 0.18 mmol, 34% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 2.51 (t, 4H), 2.78 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.66-3.75 (m, 4H), 3.84-3.92 (m, 3H), 4.20 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 385 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂O₂: C, 71.84; H, 8.39; N, 7.29. Found: C, 71.73; H, 8.42; N, 7.12.

Example 102 4-oxo-4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)butanoic Acid

The product of Example 79 (0.13 g, 0.37 mmol) and succinic anhydride (0.11 g, 1.1 mmol) were combined in 5 mL pyridine. This mixture was warmed to reflux and allowed to stir for 18 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and poured into ˜10 mL of ice and water. This mixture was extracted with 3×5 mL of EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 9:1:0.1 EtOAc:CH₃OH:AcOH) to provide the title compound (90 mg, 0.20 mmol, 54% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄,300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.54 (m, 4H), 2.12 (s, 1H), 2.13-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.71 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.85-2.92 (m, 2H), 3.32-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.89-3.99 (m, 2H), 4.16 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 456 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₆H₃₃NO₆: C, 68.55; H, 7.30; N, 3.07. Found: C, 68.15; H, 7.40; N, 2.99.

Example 103 (2,2-dichloro-1-methylcyclopropyl)[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone Example 103A (2,2-Dichloro-1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-(1H-indol-3-yl)methanone

A mixture of 2,2-dichloro-1-methylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (1.0 g, 5.9 mmol) in 5 mL of thionyl chloride was processed as described in Example 1A to provide the corresponding acid chloride. The freshly prepared acid chloride (5.9 mmol), indole (0.69 g, 5.9 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 6.5 mL, 6.5 mmol), and zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 6.5 mL, 6.5 mmol) in 30 mL of dichloromethane were processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.36 g, 1.3 mmol, 23% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 268 (M+H)⁺.

Example 103B (2,2-dichloro-1-methylcyclopropyl)[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone

The product of Example 103A (0.18 g, 0.68 mmol), the product of Example 18A (1.2 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 82 mg, 2.0 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (80 mg, 0.22 mmol, 32% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃,300 MHz) δ ppm 1.40-1.62 (m, 5H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 2.09-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.25 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (dq, J=11.6, 6.2, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.93-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.03-4.22 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 8.31-8.40 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 366 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₁₉H₂₁Cl₂NO₂.0.1 C₆H₁₄: C, 62.79; H, 6.02; N, 3.74. Found: C, 63.09; H, 5.77; N, 3.40.

Example 104 [1-(4-azidobutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

To a solution of the product of Example 24A (0.29 g, 0.93 mmol) in 10 mL of THF at 0° C. was added triethylamine (0.39 mL, 2.8 mmol) followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (0.14 mL, 1.9 mmol). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the corresponding mesylate. To a solution of the freshly prepared mesylate (0.93 mmol) in 5 mL of DMF was added sodium azide (0.18 g, 2.8 mmol). The mixture was warmed to 80° C. and was stirred for 4 h. The mixture was then cooled to ambient temperature, diluted with 5 mL of dichloromethane, and quenched with 3 mL of saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3×5 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (0.30 g, 0.89 mmol, 95% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.59-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 1.96-2.06 (m, 2H), 3.33 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.26-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 8.37-8.44 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 339 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₆N₄O: C, 70.98; H, 7.74; N, 16.55. Found: C, 70.67; H, 7.89; N, 14.14.

Example 105 [1-(2-azidoethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 38 (0.46 g, 1.6 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.27 mL, 3.6 mmol), triethylamine (0.74 mL, 5.3 mmol) and NaN₃ (0.31 g, 4.8 mmol) were processed as described in Example 104 to provide the title compound (0.32 g, 0.10 mmol, 65% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 3.74 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 8.39-8.47 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 311 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₁₈H₂₂N₄O: C, 69.65; H, 7.14; N, 18.05. Found: C, 69.30; H, 7.03; N, 17.83.

Example 106 N-(4-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}butyl)methanesulfonamide Example 106A [1-(4-Amino-butyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

To a solution of the product of Example 104 (0.28 g, 0.82 mmol) in 7 mL of THF and 3.5 mL H₂O was added triphenylphosphine (0.24 g, 0.91 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 72 hours then diluted with 5 mL of EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3×3 mL of EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 9:1:0.1 CH₂Cl₂:CH₃O H:NH₄OH) to provide the title compound (0.23 g, 0.73 mmol, 89% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 313 (M+H)⁺.

Example 106B N-(4-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}butyl)methanesulfonamide

To a solution of the product of Example 106A (0.21 g, 0.67 mmol) in 5 mL of THF at 0° C. was added triethylamine (0.19 mL, 1.3 mmol) followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (57 μL, 0.74 mmol). The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 6 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 20% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (0.19 g, 0.49 mmol, 73% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.57-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.94-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.96 (s, 1H), 2.91 (s, 3H), 3.08-3.20 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.22 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.26-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 8.38-8.45 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 391 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₃₀N₂O₃S: C, 64.58; H, 7.74; N, 7.17. Found: C, 64.35; H, 7.69; N, 7.00.

Example 107 ethyl 4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)butanoate

To a solution of the product of Example 79 (0.21 g, 0.59 mmol) in 5 mL of DMF was added Cs₂CO₃ (0.58 g, 1.8 mmol) followed by ethyl 4-bromobutyrate (0.13 mL, 0.89 mmol). This mixture was warmed to 90° C. and was stirred for 90 minutes. The mixture was then cooled to ambient temperature, quenched with 3 mL of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl and diluted with 5 mL of EtOAc. The layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted 3×3 mL of EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (0.26 g, 0.55 mmol, 94% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.26 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 2.07-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.52 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.93-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.99 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.05-4.20 (m, 5H), 6.91 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 470 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₈H₃₂NO₅: C, 71.61; H, 8.37; N, 2.98. Found: C, 71.64; H, 8.49; N, 2.92.

Example 108 [1-(3-azidopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 40 (0.41 g, 1.4 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.23 mL, 3.0 mmol), triethylamine (0.63 mL, 4.5 mmol) and sodium azide (0.27 g, 4.1 mmol) were processed according to the methods described in Example 104 to afford the title compound (0.31 g, 0.95 mmol, 70% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6 H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 2.07-2.20 (m, 2H), 3.32 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.37-8.45 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 325 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₁₉H₂₄N₄O.0.1H₂O: C, 69.95; H, 7.48; N, 17.17. Found: C, 69.87; H, 7.39; N, 17.13.

Example 109 {1-[(2S)-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 109A (S)-(tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)methanol

To a flask containing 60 mL of THF at 0° C. was added lithium aluminum hydride (0.98 g, 26 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 minutes then (s)-(−)-tetrahydro-2-furoic acid (1.0 g, 8.6 mmol) in 5 mL of THF was added dropwise via syringe. This mixture was warmed to reflux and was allowed to stir for 18 h. The mixture was then cooled to 0° C. and quenched by the slow addition of Na₂SO₄ 10H₂O (excess). The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound. MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 103 (M+H)⁺.

Example 109B {1-[(2S)-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 109A (0.38 g, 3.7 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.34 mL, 4.4 mmol), and triethylamine (0.70 mL, 5.0 mmol) in 15 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 1C to provide the corresponding mesylate. The major product of Example 1B (0.30 g, 1.2 mmol), the freshly prepared mesylate (3.7 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.15 g, 3.7 mmol) in 12 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.23 g, 0.70 mmol, 56% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.50-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 1.96-2.08 (m, 1H), 3.72-3.92 (m, 2H), 4.10-4.36 (m, 3H), 7.24-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 8.38-8.45 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 326 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₂₇NO₂: C, 77.50; H, 8.36; N, 4.30. Found: C, 77.25; H, 8.68; N, 4.33.

Example 110 [5-(4-hydroxybutoxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 79 (0.57 g, 1.6 mmol), 4-bromo-1-butanol (TCI-America, 0.37 g, 2.4 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (1.6 g, 4.8 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 107 to provide the title compound (75 mg, 0.18 mmol, 11% yield) and the product of Example 111 (0.24 g, 0.50 mmol, 31% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.59 (m, 4H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 3H), 1.85-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 2.08-2.20 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.5, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.93-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (dd, J=9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 428 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₆H₃₇NO₄: C, 73.03; H, 8.72; N, 3.28. Found: C, 72.68; H, 8.43; N, 3.12.

Example 111 [5-(4-bromobutoxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The title compound was obtained using the method described in Example 110: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.70 (m, 5H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 1.92-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.06-2.15 (m, 2H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.6, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.50 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 490, 492 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₆H₃₆BrNO₃: C, 63.67; H, 7.40; N, 2.86. Found: C, 64.04; H, 7.60; N, 2.67.

Example 112 [1-(6-azidohexyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 42 (0.54 g, 1.7 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.28 mL, 3.6 mmol), triethylamine (0.76 mL, 5.5 mmol) and sodium azide (0.32 g, 5.0 mmol) were processed as in Example 104 to afford the title compound (0.37 g, 1.0 mmol, 63% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 3.28 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.26-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 8.37-8.44 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 353 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₂₈N₄O 0.1H₂O: C, 71.20; H, 8.02; N, 15.81. Found: C, 70.95; H, 7.97; N, 15.70.

Example 113 N-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)methanesulfonamide Example 113A [1-(2-Amino-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

The product of Example 105 (0.28 g, 0.90 mmol) and triphenylphospine (0.26 g, 0.99 mmol) in 9.5 mL of THF and 0.5 mL H₂O were processed as described in Example 106A to provide the title compound (0.17 g, 0.60 mmol, 66% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 285 (M+H)⁺.

Example 113B N-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)methanesulfonamide

The product of Example 113A (0.16 g, 0.55 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (64 μL, 0.83 mmol) and triethylamine (0.23 mL, 1.7 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 106B to provide the title compound (0.16 g, 0.44 mmol, 80% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 3.57 (q, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.40-4.47 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 8.38-8.46 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 363 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₁₉H₂₆N₂O₃S.0.2H₂O: C, 62.34; H, 7.27; N, 7.65. Found: C, 62.58; H, 7.10; N, 7.32.

Example 114 methyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxylate Example 114A 3-(2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

Methyl-indole-5-carboxylate (Lancaster, 3.0 g, 17 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 21 mL, 21 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 21 mL, 21 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (26 mmol) in 50 mL of dichloromethane were processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (3.4 g, 11 mmol, 66% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 300 (M+H)⁺.

Example 114B methyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxylate

The product of Example 114A (1.5 g, 5.1 mmol), the product of Example 18A (10 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.61 g, 15 mmol) in 40 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.89 g, 2.2 mmol, 44% yield) and 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid as a minor product (0.21 g, 0.55 mmol, 11% yield, MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 384 (M+H)⁺ for the carboxylic acid). Data for Example 114B (major product): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 2.06-2.24 (m, 1H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.94-4.01 (m, 2H), 4.06 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.00 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 9.12 (dd, J=1.7, 0.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 398 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₃₁NO₄: C, 72.52; H, 7.86; N, 3.52. Found: C, 72.53; H, 7.90; N, 3.48.

Example 115 N-(3-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}propyl)methanesulfonamide Example 115A [1-(3-Amino-propyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

The product of Example 108 (0.28 g, 0.88 mmol) and triphenylphospine (0.25 g, 0.96 mmol) in 9.5 mL of THF and 0.5 mL of H₂O were processed as described in Example 106A to provide the title compound (0.20 g, 0.66 mmol, 76% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 299 (M+H)⁺.

Example 115B N-(3-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}propyl)methanesulfonamide

The product of Example 115A (0.19 g, 0.64 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (74 μL, 0.96 mmol) and triethylamine (0.27 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 106B to provide the title compound (60 mg, 0.16 mmol, 25% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.99 (s, 1H), 2.09-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 3.09-3.21 (m, 2H), 4.28-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.33 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 8.38-8.45 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 377 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₈N₂O₃S: C, 63.80; H, 7.50; N, 7.44. Found: C, 63.44; H, 7.29; N, 7.67.

Example 116 N-(5-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}pentyl)methanesulfonamide Example 116A [1-(5-Amino-pentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

The product of Example 112 (0.33 g, 0.95 mmol) and triphenylphospine (0.27 g, 1.0 mmol) in 9.5 mL of THF and 0.5 mL of H₂O were processed as described in Example 106A to provide the title compound (0.27 g, 0.82 mmol, 87% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 327 (M+H)⁺.

Example 116B N-(5-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}pentyl)methanesulfonamide

The product of Example 116A (0.26 g, 0.80 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (93 μL, 1.2 mmol) and triethylamine (0.34 mL, 2.4 mmol) in 15 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 106B to provide the title compound (24 g, 0.59 mmol, 74% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.36-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.96 (s, 1H), 2.91 (s, 3H), 3.11 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.12-4.19 (m, 1H), 4.18 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.26-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 8.36-8.45 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 405 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₃₂N₂O₃S.0.3H₂O: C, 64.45; H, 8.01; N, 6.83. Found: C, 64.14; H, 7.66; N, 6.78.

Example 117 [5-(4-aminobutoxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 117A [5-(4-Azido-butoxy)-1-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of the product of Example 111 (0.20 g, 0.42 mmol) and sodium azide (81 mg, 1.2 mmol) in 5 mL of DMF was warmed to 80° C. and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, quenched with 3 mL of H₂O and diluted with 5 mL of EtOAc. The layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted 3×3 mL of EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound (0.19 g, 0.42 mmol, 100% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 453 (M+H)⁺.

Example 117B [5-(4-aminobutoxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 117A (0.19 g, 0.42 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.12 g, 0.46 mmol) in 4 mL of THF and 2 mL of H₂O were processed as described in Example 106A to provide the title compound (0.17 g, 0.40 mmol, 95% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.28 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.59-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.80-2.02 (m, 4H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 2.05-2.22 (m, 1H), 3.10 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.22-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.86-4.11 (m, 4H), 6.92 (dd, J=9.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 427 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₆H₃₈N₂O₃.1H₂O: C, 70.24; H, 9.07; N, 6.30. Found: C, 69.94; H, 9.05; N, 6.21.

Example 118 [5-hydroxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 118A [5-Benzyloxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

The product of Example 74A (1.1 g, 3.0 mmol), the product of Example 2A (5.1 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.36 g, 9.1 mmol) in 25 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (1.2 g, 2.6 mmol, 86% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 461 (M+H)⁺.

Example 118B [5-hydroxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 118A (1.2 g, 2.5 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 120 mg) in 50 mL of EtOH were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.85 g, 2.3 mmol, 92% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.87 (s, 1H), 2.41-2.58 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.84 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.81 (m, 4H), 4.16-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.84-4.98 (m, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 371 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₃₀N₂O₃: C, 71.32; H, 8.16; N, 7.56. Found: C, 71.08; H, 7.94; N, 7.36.

Example 119 (2E)-4-({1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)-4-oxobut-2-enoic Acid

The product of Example 118B (0.15 g, 0.41 mmol), furmaryl chloride (46 μL, 0.43 mmol) and triethylamine (57 μL, 0.41 mmol) in 40 mL of Et₂O and 20 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 65 to provide the title compound (60 mg, 0.13 mmol, 32% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 2.01 (s, 1H), 2.56-2.63 (m, 4H), 2.88 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.66-3.72 (m, 4H), 4.42 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (s, 2H), 7.08 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 469 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₆H₃₂N₂O₆: C, 65.64; H, 6.35; N, 5.89. Found: C, 65.45; H, 6.63; N, 5.64.

Example 120 [5-methoxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 118B (0.15 g, 0.41 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (0.4 g, 1.2 mmol) and CH₃I (51 μL, 0.61 mmol) in 5 mL of DMF combined and stirred at ambient temperature for 72 h. The mixture was quenched with 3 mL NH₄Cl and diluted with 5 mL of EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted 3×3 mL of EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with 1×5 mL of saturated aqueous NaCl, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and recrystallized with 4:1 hexanes:EtOAc to provide the title compound (75 mg, 0.20 mmol, 48% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.33 (s, 12H), 2.10 (s, 1H), 2.47-2.53 (m, 4H), 2.77 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.63-3.69 (m, 4H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 4.33 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (dd, J=8.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 385 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂O₃: C, 71.84; H, 8.39; N, 7.29. Found: C, 71.65; H, 8.46; N, 7.08.

Example 121 N-[4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)butyl]methanesulfonamide

The product of Example 117B (75 mg, 0.18 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (20 μL, 0.26 mmol) and triethylamine (74 μL, 0.53 mmol) in 2 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 106B to provide the title compound (60 mg, 0.12 mmol, 66% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.36-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.88 (s, 4H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 2.06-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 3.21-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.41-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.93-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.00 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.05-4.15 (m, 2H), 6.92 (dd, J=8.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 505 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₇H₄₀N₂O₅S: C, 64.26; H, 7.99; N, 5.55. Found: C, 64.22; H, 7.93; N, 5.43.

Example 122 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide

A mixture 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol, the minor product of Example 114 B), 1,1′-carbonyldimidazole (55 mg, 0.34 mmol) and concentrated aqueous NH₄OH (2 mL) in 5 mL of EtOAc and 3 mL of THF was processed as described in Example 93 to provide the title compound (20 mg, 0.052 mmol, 20% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.08-2.23 (m, 1H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.4, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.08 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.98 (dd, J=8.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.84 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 383 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₀N₂O₃.0.4H₂O: C, 70.89; H, 7.97; N, 7.19. Found: C, 70.77; H, 7.91; N, 7.32.

Example 123 N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide

A mixture 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol, the minor product of Example 114 B), 1,1′-carbonyldimidazole (55 mg, 0.34 mmol) and ethanolamine (21 μL, 0.34 mmol) in 4 mL of EtOAc and 3 mL of THF was processed as described in Example 93 to provide the title compound (51 mg, 0.12 mmol, 46% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆,300 MHz) δ ppm 1.27 (s, 12H), 1.30-1.45 (m, 4H), 2.05-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.23 (s, 1H), 3.22 (dt, J=11.1, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 3.31-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.52 (q, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (d, 2H), 4.17 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.70 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.74 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 427 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₅H₃₄N₂O₄.0.3H₂O: C, 69.51; H, 8.07; N, 6.49. Found: C, 69.36; H, 7.88; N, 6.27.

Example 124 N-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide

A mixture 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol, the minor product of Example 114 B), 1,1′-carbonyldimidazole (55 mg, 0.34 mmol) and methylamine (2 M solution in THF, 0.2 mL, 0.4 mmol) in 4 mL of EtOAc and 3 mL of THF was processed as described in Example 93 to provide the title compound (14 mg, 0.035 mmol, 14% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.27 (s, 12H), 1.30-1.46 (m, 4H), 2.03-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.22 (s, 1H), 2.79 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 3H), 3.22 (dt, J=11.4, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.80-3.88 (m, 2H), 4.17 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.63-7.77 (m, 2H), 8.32-8.37 (m, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.74 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 397 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₂.0.3H₂O: C, 71.72; H, 8.18; N, 6.97. Found: C, 71.96; H, 8.19; N, 6.69.

Example 125 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile Example 125A 3-(2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyl)-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile

A mixture of 5-cyanoindole (1.42 g, 10 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 11 mL, 11 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 11 mL, 11 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (10 mmol) in 30 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.45 g, 1.7 mmol, 17% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 267 (M+H)⁺.

Example 125B 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile

The product of Example 125A (0.45 g, 1.7 mmol), the product of Example 18A (2.9 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.20 g, 5.1 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.41 g, 1.1 mmol, 66% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 2.05-2.21 (m, 1H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.5, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (dd, J=11.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 8.83 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 365 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₂: C, 75.79; H, 7.74; N, 7.69. Found: C, 75.54; H, 7.85; N, 7.78.

Example 126 [5-(benzyloxy)-6-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 126A (5-Benzyloxy-6-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 5-benzyloxy-6-methoxyindole (Sigma, 2.0 g, 7.9 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 9.5 mL, 9.5 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 9.5 mL, 9.5 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (12 mmol) was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (2.0 g, 5.2 mmol, 66% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 378 (M+H)⁺.

Example 126B [5-(benzyloxy)-6-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 126A (0.98 g, 2.6 mmol), the product of Example 18A (4.4 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.31 g, 7.8 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (1.2 g, 2.5 mmol, 96% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.85-1.90 (m, 1H), 2.07-2.20 (m, 1H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.6, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.96-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.98 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.54 (m, 2H), 8.04 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 476 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₃₀H₃₇NO₄: C, 75.76; H, 7.84; N, 2.94. Found: C, 75.56; H, 7.92; N, 2.94.

Example 127 N,N-dimethyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide

A mixture 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol, the minor product of Example 114 B), 1,1′-carbonyldimidazole (55 mg, 0.34 mmol) and dimethylamine (2 M solution in THF, 0.17 mL, 0.34 mmol) in 4 mL of EtOAc and 3 mL of THF was processed as described in Example 93 to provide the title compound (38 mg, 0.093 mmol, 35% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.25 (s, 6H), 1.27 (s, 6H), 1.29-1.48 (m, 4H), 2.03-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.20 (s, 1H), 2.97 (s, 6H), 3.23 (dt, J=11.3, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 3.78-3.89 (m, 2H), 4.17 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 411 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₅H₃₄N₂O₃.0.2H₂O: C, 72.50; H, 8.37; N, 6.76. Found: C, 72.51; H, 8.29; N, 6.66.

Example 128 N-heptyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide

A mixture 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol, the minor product of Example 114 B), 1,1′-carbonyldimidazole (55 mg, 0.34 mmol) and heptylamine (50 μL, 0.34 mmol) in 4 mL of EtOAc and 3 mL of THF was processed as described in Example 93 to provide the title compound (25 mg, 0.052 mmol, 20% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 0.87-0.95 (m, 3H), 1.34 (s, 12H), 1.37-1.43 (m, 7H), 1.43-1.51 (m, 6H), 1.58-1.71 (m, 2H), 2.13-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 1H), 3.32-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.40 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.87-3.97 (m, 2H), 4.19 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (dd, J=8.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.77 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 481 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₃₀H₄₄N₂O₃.0.2H₂O: C, 74.40; H, 9.24; N, 5.78. Found: C, 74.43; H, 9.00; N, 5.81.

Example 129 [5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 126B (1.0 g, 2.2 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 100 mg) in 20 mL EtOH and 5 mL of EtOAc were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.86 g, 2.2 mmol, 100% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 12H), 1.34-1.57 (m, 4H), 2.07 (s, 1H), 2.11-2.24 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dt, J=11.5, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.89-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 4.09 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 386 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₄.0.1H₂O: C, 71.33; H, 8.12; N, 3.62. Found: C, 71.15; H, 7.87; N, 3.53.

Example 130 (2E)-4-({6-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid

The product of Example 129 (0.23 g, 0.60 mmol), furmaryl chloride (68 μL, 0.63 mmol) and triethylamine (83 μL, 0.60 mmol) in 60 mL Et₂O and 5 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 65 to provide the title compound (0.13 mg, 0.26 mmol, 44% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄,300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.56 (m, 4H), 2.11 (s, 1H), 2.14-2.25 (m, 1H), 3.38 (dt, J=11.5, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.90-3.98 (m, 2H), 4.16 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 484 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₇H₃₃NO₇: C, 67.06; H, 6.88; N, 2.90. Found: C, 66.91; H, 6.81; N, 2.80.

Example 131 {5-(benzyloxy)-1-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 74A (0.61 g, 1.8 mmol), the mesylate of (R)-(−)-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (Lancaster, 0.33 g, 3.1 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.22 g, 5.5 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.70 g, 1.6 mmol, 88% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃,300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.51-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.91 (s, 1H), 1.93-2.07 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.89 (m, 2H), 4.11-4.32 (m, 3H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 6.99 (dd, J=9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.45-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 432 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₈H₃₃NO₃: C, 77.93; H, 7.71; N, 3.25. Found: C, 77.82; H, 7.72; N, 3.22.

Example 132 [5-(aminomethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 125B (0.34 g, 0.93 mmol) and Raney-Nickel (RaNi 2800 slurry in water, 100 mg) in 2 mL of a 20% NH₃ in MeOH were placed under 60 psi of hydrogen. The mixture was shaken at ambient temperature for 16 hours and then filtered. The resulting material was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 9:1:0.1 CH₂Cl₂: CH₃OH:NH₄OH) to provide the title compound (0.17 g, 0.46 mmol, 50% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.91 (s, 1H), 2.05-2.19 (m, 1H), 3.32 (dt, J=11.5, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 3.92-4.06 (m, 4H), 7.29-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 369 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂O₂.0.4H₂O: C, 73.53; H, 8.80; N, 7.46. Found: C, 73.41; H, 8.61; N, 7.44.

Example 133 {5-hydroxy-1-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 131 (0.70 g, 1.6 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 350 mg) in 30 mL EtOH were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.35 g, 1.0 mmol, 64% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 9H), 1.57-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.99-2.09 (m, 1H), 2.05 (s, 1H), 3.69-3.88 (m, 2H), 4.16-4.36 (m, 3H), 6.78 (dd, J=8.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J=8.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 342 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₂₇NO₃.0.2H₂O: C, 73.10; H, 8.00; N, 4.06. Found: C, 73.32; H, 8.11; N, 4.01.

Example 134 N-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}methyl)methanesulfonamide

The product of Example 132 (0.16 g, 0.45 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (52 μL, 0.67 mmol) and triethylamine (0.19 mL, 1.3 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 106B to provide the title compound (0.16 g, 0.35 mmol, 78% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.33 (s, 12H), 1.36-1.55 (m, 4H), 2.14 (s, 1H), 2.15-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.83 (s, 3H), 3.32-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.97 (m, 2H), 4.15 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 447 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₃₄N₂O₄S.0.1H₂O: C, 64.29; H, 7.69; N, 6.25. Found: C, 64.12; H, 7.73; N, 6.19.

Example 135 {5-(benzyloxy)-1-[4-(benzyloxy)butyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 74A (0.71 g, 2.0 mmol), product of Example 23A (3.5 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.1 mmol) in 12 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.37 g, 0.73 mmol, 36% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.60-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 1.94-2.07 (m, 2H), 3.50 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 6.98 (dd, J=8.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.43 (m, 8H), 7.45-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 510 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₃₄H₃₉NO₃: C, 80.12; H, 7.71; N, 2.75. Found: C, 79.77; H, 7.58; N, 2.70.

Example 136 [6-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 136A (6-Methanesulfonyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

The 6-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (Apollo Scientific, 1.0 g, 5.1 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 6.1 mL, 6.1 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 6.1 mL, 6.1 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (7.7 mmol) were processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.21 g, 0.66 mmol, 13% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 378 (M+H)⁺.

Example 136B [6-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 136A (0.21 g, 0.66 mmol), the product of Example 18A (1.3 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 79 mg, 2.0 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.18 g, 0.43 mmol, 65% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.09-2.27 (m, 1H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.5, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.93-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.12 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 418 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₄S: C, 66.16; H, 7.48; N, 3.35. Found: C, 65.77; H, 7.23; N, 3.35.

Example 137 [5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 135 (0.36 g, 0.71 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 360 mg) in 50 mL EtOH were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.16 g, 0.48 mmol, 68% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 12H), 1.47-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.87-2.01 (m, 2H), 2.08 (s, 1H), 3.57 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.23 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.79 (dd, J=8.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 330 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₀H₂₇NO₃: C, 72.92; H, 8.26; N, 4.25. Found: C, 72.76; H, 8.21; N, 4.19.

Example 138 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carbonitrile Example 138A 3-(2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyl)-1H-indole-6-carbonitrile

A mixture of 6-cyanoindole (Lancaster, 1.0 g, 7.0 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 8.4 mL, 8.4 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 8.4 mL, 8.4 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (11 mmol) was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.91 g, 3.4 mmol, 49% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 267 (M+H)⁺.

Example 138B 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carbonitrile

The product of Example 138A (0.91 g, 3.4 mmol), the product of Example 18A (5.8 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.37 g, 9.1 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.87 g, 2.4 mmol, 70% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 2.06-2.22 (m, 1H), 3.36 (dt, J=11.5, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.96-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (dd, J=8.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 365 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₂: C, 75.79; H, 7.74; N, 7.69. Found: C, 75.64; H, 7.61; N, 7.36.

Example 139 [1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 139A (2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-(6-trifluoromethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone

A mixture of 6-(trifluoromethyl)indole (Lancaster, 1.0 g, 5.4 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 6.6 mL, 6.6 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 6.6 mL, 6.6 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (8.1 mmol) in 40 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.17 g, 0.53 mmol, 10% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 310 (M+H)⁺.

Example 139B [1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 139A (0.16 g, 0.52 mmol), the product of Example 18A (0.89 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 63 mg, 1.6 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (70 mg, 0.17 mmol, 33% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.09-2.24 (m, 1H), 3.36 (dt, J=11.5, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.95-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (dd, J=8.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.77 (m, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 408 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₈F₃NO₂.0.1H₂O: C, 67.50; H, 6.94; N, 3.42. Found: C, 67.20; H, 6.88; N, 3.42.

Example 140 [6-(aminomethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 138B (0.75 g, 2.1 mmol), Raney-Nickel (RaNi 2800 slurry in water, 225 mg) and H₂ (60 psi) in 4 mL of a 20% NH₃ in MeOH solution were processed as described in Example 132 to provide the title compound (0.75 g, 2.0 mmol, 99% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 12H), 1.37-1.55 (m, 4H), 2.13 (s, 1H), 2.16-2.31 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dt, J=11.2, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.89-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.95 (s, 2H), 4.16 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (dd, J=8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 369 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂O₂.0.3H₂O: C, 73.88; H, 8.79; N, 7.49. Found: C, 73.69; H, 8.52; N, 7.41.

Example 141 N-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-6-yl}methyl)methanesulfonamide

The product of Example 140 (0.73 g, 2.0 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.24 mL, 3.1 mmol) and triethylamine (0.86 mL, 6.2 mmol) in 30 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 106B to provide the title compound (0.52 g, 1.2 mmol, 58% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.59 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.07-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.05 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.63 (s, 1H), 7.21 (dd, J=8.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 8.40 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 447 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₃₄N₂O₄S: C, 64.54; H, 7.67; N, 6.27. Found: C, 64.23; H, 7.64; N, 6.13.

Example 142 [5,6-dihydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 142A (5,6-Bis-benzyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

The 5,6-dibenzyloxyindole (Sigma, 0.60 g, 1.8 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 2.2 mL, 2.2 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 2.2 mL, 2.2 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (2.7 mmol) in 20 mL of dichloromethane were processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.45 g, 0.99 mmol, 55% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 454 (M+H)⁺.

Example 142B [5,6-Bis-benzyloxy-1-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

The product of Example 142A (0.45 g, 0.99 mmol), the product of Example 18A (2.0 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.12 g, 3.0 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.45 g, 0.82 mmol, 82% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 552 (M+H)⁺.

Example 142C [5,6-dihydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 142B (0.45 g, 0.82 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 450 mg) in 8 mL EtOH were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.12 g, 0.32 mmol, 39% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.36-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.86 (s, 1H), 2.07-2.17 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.6, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.01 (m, 2H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 372 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₉NO₄.0.1H₂O: C, 70.79; H, 7.88; N, 3.75. Found: C, 70.70; H, 7.86; N, 3.68.

Example 143 tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}acetic Acid Example 143A (tetrahydro-pyran-4-ylidene)-acetic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (5.0 g, 50 mmol) in 150 mL toluene at ambient temperature was added carbethoxymethylenetriphenyl phosphorane (17.4 g, 50 mmol.). The mixture was warmed to 50° C. and allowed to stir for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography (Si₂O, 50% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (2.2 g, 13 mmol, 26% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 171 (M+H)⁺.

Example 143B (tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-acetic acid ethyl ester

The product of Example 143A (2.2 g, 13 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 220 mg) in 30 mL EtOH were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (2.0 g, 12 mmol, 91% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 173 (M+H)⁺.

Example 143C bromo-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-acetic Acid Ethyl Ester

To a solution of lithium diisopropylamide (1.8 M in THF/heptane/ethylbenzne, 3.6 mL, 6.4 mmol) in 10 mL of THF at −78° C. was added trimethylsilyl chloride (1.4 mL, 11 mmol) dropwise via syringe pump. The product of Example 143B (1.0 g, 5.8 mmol) in 5 mL of THF was then added to the mixture dropwise via syringe pump. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 hours then N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 1.1 g, 6.0 mmol) in 10 mL of THF was added dropwise via syringe pump. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm slowly to ambient temperature and was stirred for 16 h. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 20 mL of EtOAc, washed 1×5 mL of H₂O. The aqueous layer was extracted 3×5 mL of EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 70% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (0.70 g, 2.8 mmol, 48% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 268 (M+NH₄)⁺.

Example 143D tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}acetic

The major product of Example 1B (0.56 g, 2.3 mmol), the product of Example 143C (0.70 g, 2.8 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.28 g, 7.0 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.43 g, 1.0 mmol, 45% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.06-1.16 (m, 1H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.30-1.36 (m, 1H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.56 (ddd, J=24.8, 11.8, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.84-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.99 (s, 1H), 2.58-2.76 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dt, J=12.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (dt, J=11.8, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.81-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.95-4.04 (m, 1H), 4.97 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.59 (m, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.27 (ddd, J=7.5, 1.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 384 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₂₉NO₄.0.1H₂O: C, 71.70; H, 7.64; N, 3.64. Found: C, 71.56; H, 7.56; N, 3.61

Example 144 ethyl tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}acetate

To a solution of the product of Example 143D (0.19 g, 0.50 mmol) in 10 mL EtOH at ambient temperature was added 0.5 mL concentrated H₂SO₄ (8 mmol). This mixture was warmed to reflux and stirred for 6 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and then quenched with excess NaHCO₃. This mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with 20 mL of EtOAc and 20 mL H₂O. The layers were separated and the organic extracts was washed 1×5 mL H₂O. The combined aqueous layers were extracted 3×5 mL of EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (40 mg, 0.097 mmol, 19% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.09-1.19 (m, 1H), 1.27 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.50-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.97 (s, 1H), 2.46-2.62 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.8, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.99-4.09 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.31 (m, 2H), 4.74 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 8.38-8.43 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 412 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₅H₃₃NO₄: C, 72.96; H, 8.08; N, 3.40. Found: C, 72.89; H, 8.03; N, 3.36.

Example 145 tert-butyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-ylcarbamate Example 145A (1H-indol-5-yl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution 5-aminoindole (1.0 g, 7.6 mmol) in 100 mL of EtOAc was added di-tert-butyldicarbonate (4.1 g. 19 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 hours and then was quenched with 20 mL H₂O. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted 3×10 mL of EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (1.8 g, 7.7 mmol, >100% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 233 (M+H)⁺.

Example 145B [3-(2,2,3,3-Tetramethyl-cyclopropanecarbonyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]-carbamic Acid Tert-Butyl Ester

The product of Example 145A (1.7 g. 7.3 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 9.4 mL, 9.4 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 9.4 mL, 9.4 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (12 mmol) in 30 mL of dichloromethane were processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (1.6 g, 4.6 mmol, 60% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 357 (M+H)⁺.

Example 145C tert-butyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-ylcarbamate

The product of Example 145B (1.6 g, 4.6 mmol), the product of Example 18A (7.8 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.55 g, 14 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.55 g, 1.2 mmol, 26% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.50 (m, 4H), 1.52 (s, 9H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 2.06-2.22 (m, 1H), 3.32 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.92-3.98 (m, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.67 (m, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 455 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₇H₃₈N₂O₄: C, 71.34; H, 8.43; N, 6.16. Found: C, 71.27; H, 8.32; N, 6.04.

Example 146 [5-amino-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Trifluoroacetic Acid

To a solution of the product of Example 145C (0.50 g, 1.1 mmol) in 35 mL of dichloromethane was added 5 mL trifluoroacetic acid (67 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour then was concentrated under reduced pressure and 5 mL toluene was added. The mixture was again concentrated under reduced pressure and the addition of toluene followed by concentration was repeated. The residue was stirred in 8 mL of EtOAc at ambient temperature for 2 hours and the resulting solids were isolated via filtration to provide the title compound (0.40 g, 0.85 mmol, 77% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.33 (s, 12H), 1.38-1.51 (m, 4H), 2.12-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.17 (s, 1H), 3.32-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.98 (m, 2H), 4.21 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (dd, J=8.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (dd, J=8.8, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.32-8.35 (m, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 355 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₃₀N₂O₂. CF₃CO₂H.0.4H₂O: C, 60.59; H, 6.74; N, 5.89. Found: C, 60.38; H, 6.53; N, 6.17.

Example 147 [4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 147A (4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroindole (Matrix Scientific, 1.0 g. 5.3 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 6.4 mL, 6.4 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 6.4 mL, 6.4 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (7.9 mmol) in 40 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.19 g, 0.61 mmol, 12% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 314 (M+H)⁺.

Example 147B [4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 147A (91 mg, 0.29 mmol), the product of Example 18A (0.49 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 38 mg, 0.96 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (11 mg, 0.027 mmol, 9% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.33 (s, 12H), 1.40-1.58 (m, 4H), 2.05-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.08 (s, 1H), 3.41 (dt, J=11.2, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.95-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.22 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 412 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₅F₄NO₂: C, 64.22; H, 6.12; N, 3.40. Found: C, 63.88; H, 6.17; N, 3.41.

Example 148 N-{1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}methanesulfonamide

The product of Example 146 (0.20 g, 0.46 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (50 μL, 0.63 mmol) and triethylamine (0.26 mL, 1.9 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 106B to provide the title compound (0.12 g, 0.28 mmol, 60% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 2.07-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.95-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.04 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.28 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 433 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₂N₂C₄S: C, 63.86; H, 7.46; N, 6.48. Found: C, 63.48; H, 7.19; N, 6.23.

Example 149 [5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 149A 5-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-1H-indole

To a solution of indole-1-methanol (Combi-Blocks, 1.0 g, 6.8 mmol) in 50 mL of dichloromethane was added imidazole (0.56 g, 8.2 mmol) followed by tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (1.1 g, 7.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 17 hours then 10 mL H₂O was added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted 3×5 mL of dichloromethane and the combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 80% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (1.6 g, 6.2 mmol, 91% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 262 (M+H)⁺.

Example 149B [5-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxymethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

The product of Example 149A (1.6 g. 6.2 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 7.5 mL, 7.5 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 7.5 mL, 7.5 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (9.4 mmol) in 30 mL of dichloromethane were processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.90 g, 2.3 mmol, 38% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 386 (M+H)⁺.

Example 149C [5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 149B (0.88 g, 2.3 mmol), the product of Example 18A (3.9 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.28 g, 6.9 mmol) in DMF (12 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.20 g, 0.54 mmol, 24% yield, major product) as well as the corresponding tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether (0.17 g, 0.35 mmol, 15% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.09-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.74 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.93-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.04 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 7.32-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 8.41 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 370 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₃H₃₁NO₃.0.9H₂O: C, 71.62; H, 8.57; N, 3.63. Found: C, 71.57; H, 8.29; N, 3.70.

Example 150 [5-(methoxymethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The major product of Example 149C (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol), NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 45 mg, 1.1 mmol) and CH₃I (71 μL, 0.84 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 72 to provide the title compound (60 mg, 0.16 mmol, 56% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.09-2.22 (m, 1H), 3.32 (dt, J=11.5, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.93-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.04 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 384 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₃₃NO₃.0.2H₂O: C, 74.46; H, 8.70; N, 3.62. Found: C, 74.25; H, 8.20; N, 3.54.

Example 151 3-(2-{5-hydroxy-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one

The product of Example 152 (0.50 g, 1.1 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt % palladium on activated carbon, 110 mg) in 20 mL EtOH were processed as described in Example 70 to provide the title compound (0.26 g, 0.69 mmol, 64% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.87 (s, 1H), 2.92 (dd, J=8.1 Hz, 8.1 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (dd, J=7.5 Hz, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 371 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₁H₂₆N₂O₄.0.1H₂O: C, 67.94; H, 6.84; N, 7.55. Found: C, 67.84; H, 7.05; N, 7.35.

Example 152 3-(2-{5-(benzyloxy)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one

The product of Example 74A (0.60 g, 1.7 mmol), the product of Example 31A (3.5 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.21 g, 5.2 mmol) in 20 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.55 g, 1.2 mmol, 70% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.90 (s, 1H), 2.90-2.96 (m, 2H), 3.67 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (dd, J=8.6, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 7.03 (dd, J=9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.45 (m, 4H), 7.45-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 461 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₈H₃₂N₂O₄.0.2H₂O: C, 72.45; H, 7.04; N, 6.04. Found: C, 72.43; H, 7.00; N, 6.13.

Example 153 N-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxamide

To a solution of the product of Example 86 (0.24 g, 0.63 mmol), methylamine (2.0 M solution in THF, 0.38 mL, 0.75 mmol) and diisopropylethyl amine (0.27 mL, 1.6 mmol) in 5 mL of THF was added o-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 0.25 g, 0.66 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours and then was quenched with 5 mL H₂O and diluted with 10 mL of EtOAc. The layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted 2×5 mL of EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via column chromatography (SiO₂, 10% CH₃OH in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (80 mg, 0.20 mmol, 32% yield). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.33 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.54 (m, 4H), 2.16 (s, 1H), 2.18-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 3.33-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.98 (m, 2H), 4.21 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (dd, J=1.4, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J=8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 397 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₃: C, 72.70; H, 8.13; N, 7.06. Found: C, 72.52; H, 8.40; N, 7.05.

Example 154 N,N-dimethyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxamide

To a solution of the product of Example 86 (0.15 g, 0.39 mmol), dimethylamine (40 wt % in water, 19 μL, 0.38 mmol), i-Pr₂NEt (0.20 mL, 1.2 mmol) and o-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 0.15 g, 0.40 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 153 to provide the title compound (50 mg, 0.12 mmol, 31% yield). ¹H NMR (AcOH-d₄, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30-1.32 (m, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.44-1.59 (m, 4H), 2.12 (s, 1H), 2.17-2.29 (m, 1H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 3.40 (dt, J=11.6, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.01-4.08 (m, 2H), 4.16 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (dd, J=8.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 411 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₅H₃₄N₂O₃: C, 73.14; H, 8.35; N, 6.82. Found: C, 72.93; H, 8.18; N, 6.74.

Example 155 N-ethyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxamide

To a solution of the product of Example 86 (0.15 g, 0.39 mmol), ethylamine (2.0 M solution in THF, 0.38 mL, 0.76 mmol), i-Pr₂NEt (0.20 mL, 1.2 mmol) and o-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 0.15 g, 0.40 mmol) in 10 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 153 to provide the title compound (60 mg, 0.15 mmol, 38% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.92 (s, 1H), 2.12-2.26 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.4, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.50-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.92-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.10 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.20-6.29 (m, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 411 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₅H₃₄N₂O₃.0.7H₂O: C, 70.96; H, 8.43; N, 6.62. Found: C, 70.81; H, 8.12; N, 6.76.

Example 156 [1-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The 3-pyridylcarbinol (0.21 mL, 2.1 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.33 mL, 4.2 mmol), and triethylamine (0.93 mL, 6.7 mmol) in 20 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 1C to provide the corresponding mesylate. The major product of Example 1B (0.30 g, 1.2 mmol), the freshly prepared mesylate (2.1 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.23 g, 5.8 mmol) in 25 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.31 g, 0.94 mmol, 79% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.29 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.94 (s, 1H), 5.44 (s, 2H), 7.18-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.45-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 8.39-8.47 (m, 1H), 8.53-8.68 (m, 2H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 333 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₄N₂O.0.2H₂O: C, 78.63; H, 7.32; N, 8.34. Found: C, 78.48; H, 7.20; N, 8.17.

Example 157 [1-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The 4-pyridylcarbinol (0.24 g, 2.1 mmol), methanesulfonyl chloride (0.33 mL, 4.2 mmol), and triethylamine (0.93 mL, 6.7 mmol) in 20 mL of THF were processed as described in Example 1C to provide the corresponding mesylate. The major product of Example 1B (0.30 g, 1.2 mmol), the freshly prepared mesylate (2.1 mmol) and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.23 g, 5.8 mmol) in 25 mL of DMF were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.31 g, 0.94 mmol, 79% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 7.04-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 8.42-8.49 (m, 1H), 8.53-8.65 (m, 2H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 333 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₄N₂O: C, 79.48; H, 7.28; N, 8.43. Found: C, 79.42; H, 7.33; N, 8.43.

Example 158 [5-bromo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 158A (5-Bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 5-bromoindole (5.0 g. 26 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 31 mL, 31 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 31 mL, 31 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (38 mmol) in 100 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (3.1 g, 9.8 mmol, 38% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 321, 322 (M+H)⁺.

Example 158B [5-bromo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 158A (3.1 g, 9.8 mmol), the product of Example 18A (17 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.8 g, 46 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (3.4 g, 8.2 mmol, 83% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 2.05-2.21 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.93-4.00 (m, 2H), 4.01 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=8.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 418, 420 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₈BrNO₂: C, 63.16; H, 6.75; N, 3.35. Found: C, 62.92; H, 6.79; N, 3.24.

Example 159 [5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 158B (0.20 g, 0.48 mmol), 2-methoxyphenylboronic acid (0.15 g, 0.96 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (Pd₂dba₃, Strem, 17 mg, 0.019 mmol), 1,3-bis(2,6-di-1-propylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (Strem, 20 mg, 0.048 mmol) and 3 mL of 2 N aqueous Na₂CO₃ were combined in 20 mL toluene. The system was degassed under vacuum and the flask refilled with N₂. This was repeated three times then the mixture was warmed to 85° C. and stirred for 48 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, the layers separated and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and purified via flash column chromatography (SiO₂, 50% hexanes in EtOAc) to provide the title compound (0.17 g, 0.37 mmol, 77% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.33 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.53 (m, 4H), 1.97 (s, 1H), 2.11-2.26 (m, 1H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.05 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.95-7.07 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.5, 0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 446 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₉H₃₅NO₃.0.1H₂O: C, 77.85; H, 7.93; N, 3.13. Found: C, 77.74; H, 7.92; N, 3.11.

Example 160 [5-phenyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 158B (0.20 g, 0.48 mmol), phenylboronic acid (0.12 g, 0.96 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (Pd₂ dba₃, Strem, 17 mg, 0.019 mmol), 1,3-bis(2,6-di-1-propylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (Strem, 20 mg, 0.048 mmol) and 3 mL of 2 N aqueous Na₂CO₃ in 20 mL toluene were processed as described in Example 159 to provide the title compound (47 mg, 0.11 mmol, 24% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 2.11-2.27 (m, 1H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.95-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.07 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.55 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.67-7.73 (m, 2H), 8.67 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 416 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₈H₃₃NO₂.0.1H₂O: C, 80.58; H, 8.02; N, 3.36. Found: C, 80.36; H, 7.90; N, 3.48.

Example 162 [5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 158B (0.20 g, 0.48 mmol), 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid (0.15 g, 0.96 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (Pd₂ dba₃, Strem, 17 mg, 0.019 mmol), 1,3-bis(2,6-di-1-propylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (Strem, 20 mg, 0.048 mmol) and 3 mL of 2 N aqueous Na₂CO₃ in 20 mL toluene were processed as described in Example 159 to provide the title compound (12 mg, 0.026 mmol, 5% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.95 (s, 1H), 2.10-2.23 (m, 1H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.6, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.94-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.06 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (ddd, J=7.9, 2.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.27-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.53 (dd, J=8.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 8.65 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 446 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₉H₃₅NO₃.0.6H₂O: C, 76.32; H, 7.99; N, 3.07. Found: C, 76.11; H, 7.60; N, 2.89.

Example 164 [5-chloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 164A (5-Chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 5-chloroindole (0.30 g. 2.0 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 2.4 mL, 2.4 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 2.4 mL, 2.4 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (3.0 mmol) in 15 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.23 g, 0.85 mmol, 43% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 276 (M+H)⁺.

Example 164B [5-chloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 164A (85 mg, 0.31 mmol), the product of Example 18A (1.4 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 58 mg, 1.5 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (56 mg, 0.15 mmol, 48% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.55 (m, 4H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 2.07-2.20 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.00 (m, 2H), 4.02 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 8.44 (t, J=1.4 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 374 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₈ClNO₂.0.1H₂O: C, 70.33; H, 7.57; N, 3.73. Found: C, 70.25; H, 7.58; N, 3.71.

Example 165 [6-bromo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 165A (6-Bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 6-bromoindole (2.0 g. 10 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 12 mL, 12 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 12 mL, 12 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (15 mmol) in 50 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (1.4 g, 4.4 mmol, 44% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 320, 322 (M+H)⁺.

Example 165B [6-bromo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 165A (1.3 g, 4.0 mmol), the product of Example 18A (6.8 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.75 g, 19 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (0.64 g, 1.5 mmol, 39% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.30 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.89 (s, 1H), 2.03-2.23 (m, 1H), 3.35 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.94-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.99 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 418, 420 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₈BrNO₂: C, 63.16; H, 6.75; N, 3.35. Found: C, 63.02; H, 6.49; N, 3.31.

Example 166 [6-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 165B (0.15 g, 0.36 mmol), 2-methoxyphenylboronic acid (0.12 g, 0.72 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (Pd₂ dba₃, Strem, 13 mg, 0.014 mmol), 1,3-bis(2,6-di-1-propylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (Strem, 15 mg, 0.036 mmol) and 3 mL of 2N aqueous Na₂CO₃ in 20 mL toluene were processed as described in Example 159 to provide the title compound (0.12 g, 0.27 mmol, 76% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.35 (s, 6H), 1.37-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.97 (s, 1H), 2.09-2.28 (m, 1H), 3.32 (dt, J=11.6, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.93-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.05 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.98-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.53 (m, 4H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 446 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₉H₃₅NO₃: C, 78.17; H, 7.92; N, 3.14. Found: C, 77.83; H, 7.94; N, 2.97.

Example 167 [6-phenyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 165B (0.15 g, 0.36 mmol), phenylboronic acid (88 mg, 0.72 mmol), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0) (Pd₂ dba₃, Strem, 13 mg, 0.014 mmol), 1,3-bis(2,6-di-1-propylphenyl)imidazolium chloride (Strem, 15 mg, 0.036 mmol) and 3 mL of 2N aqueous Na₂CO₃ in 20 mL toluene were processed as described in Example 159 to provide the title compound (0.10 g, 0.25 mmol, 69% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.32 (s, 6H), 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.96 (s, 1H), 2.10-2.26 (m, 1H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.93-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.56 (m, 4H), 7.61-7.69 (m, 3H), 8.44 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 416 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₈H₃₃NO₂: C, 80.93; H, 8.00; N, 3.37. Found: C, 80.67; H, 8.04; N, 3.39.

Example 168 [5-fluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone Example 168A (5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone

A mixture of 5-fluoroindole (0.34 g. 2.5 mmol), ethylmagnesium bromide (1.0 M solution in THF, 3.0 mL, 3.0 mmol), zinc chloride (1.0 M solution in Et₂O, 3.0 mL, 3.0 mmol) and the product of Example 1A (3.7 mmol) in 25 mL of dichloromethane was processed as described in Example 1B to provide the title compound (0.26 g, 1.0 mmol, 40% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 260 (M+H)⁺.

Example 168B [5-fluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone

The product of Example 168A (0.26 g, 1.0 mmol), the product of Example 18A (1.7 mmol), and NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.19 g, 4.7 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were processed as described in Example 1D to provide the title compound (80 mg, 0.22 mmol, 22% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ ppm 1.31 (s, 6H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.38-1.53 (m, 4H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 2.06-2.20 (m, 1H), 3.34 (dt, J=11.6, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 3.95-4.01 (m, 2H), 4.02 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (dt, J=8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 8.10 (dd, J=10.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H); MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 358 (M+H)⁺; Anal. Calculated for C₂₂H₂₈FNO₂: C, 73.92; H, 7.90; N, 3.92. Found: C, 73.87; H, 7.97; N, 3.93.

In Vitro Methods Human CB₂ Radioligand Binding Assays:

HEK293 cells stably expressing human CB₂ receptors were grown until a confluent monolayer was formed. Briefly, the cells were harvested and homogenized in TE buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 1 mM EDTA) using a polytron for 2×10 second bursts in the presence of protease inhibitors, followed by centrifugation at 45,000×g for 20 minutes. The final membrane pellet was re-homogenized in storage buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, and 1 mM EDTA and 10% sucrose) and frozen at −78° C. until used. Saturation binding reactions were initiated by the addition of membrane preparation (protein concentration of 5 μg/well for human CB₂) into wells of a deep well plate containing ([³H]CP-55,940 (120 Ci/mmol, a nonselective CB agonist commercially available from Tocris) in assay buffer (50 mM Tris, 2.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl₂, and 0.5 mg/mL fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4). After 90 min incubation at 30° C., binding reaction was terminated by the addition of 300 μl/well of cold assay buffer followed by rapid vacuum filtration through a UniFilter-96 GF/C filter plates (pre-soaked in 1 mg/mL BSA for 2 hours). The bound activity was counted in a TopCount using Microscint-20. Saturation experiments were conducted with twelve concentrations of [³H]CP-55,940 ranging from 0.01 to 8 nM. Competition experiments were conducted with 0.5 nM [³H]CP-55,940 and five concentrations (1 nM to 10 μM) of displacing ligands. The addition of 10 μM unlabeled CP-55,940 (Tocris, Ellisville, Mo.) was used to assess nonspecific binding.

The compounds of the present invention bound (Ki) to CB₂ receptors less than about 10,000 nM. In a more preferred embodiment, compounds of the present invention bound to CB₂ receptors less than about 200 nM.

Human CB₁ Radioligand Binding Assay:

HEK293 human CB₁ membranes were purchased from Perkin Elmer. Binding was initiated by the addition of membranes (8-12 μg per well) into wells (Scienceware 96-well DeepWell plate, VWR, West Chester, Pa.) containing [³H]CP-55,940 (120 Ci/mmol, Perkin Elmer, Boston, Mass.) and a sufficient volume of assay buffer (50 mM Tris, 2.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl₂, and 0.5 mg/mL fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4) to bring the total volume to 250 μL. After incubation (30° C. for 90 minutes), binding was terminated by the addition of 300 μL per well of cold assay buffer and rapid vacuum filtration (FilterMate Cell Harvester, Perkin Elmer, Boston, Mass.) through a UniFilter-96 GF/C filter plate (Perkin Elmer, Boston, Mass.) (pre-soaked in 0.3% PEI at least 3 hours), followed by five washes with cold assay buffer. The bound activity was counted in the TopCount using Microscint-20 (both from Perkin Elmer, Boston, Mass.). Competition experiments were conducted with 1 nM [³H]CP-55,940 and five concentrations (1 nM to 10 μM) of displacing ligands. The addition of 10 μM unlabeled CP-55,940 (Tocris, Ellisville, Mo.) was used to assess nonspecific binding.

The CB₁ and CB₂ radioligand binding assays described herein can be utilized to ascertain the selectivity of compounds of the present invention for binding to CB₂ relative to CB₁ receptors.

In Vivo Methods: Animals

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g body weight, Charles River Laboratories, Portage, Mich.) were used. Animal handling and experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Abbott Laboratories. For all surgical procedures, animals were maintained under halothane anesthesia (4% to induce, 2% to maintain), and the incision sites were sterilized using a 10% povidone-iodine solution prior to and after surgeries.

Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) Model of Inflammatory Pain

Chronic inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia was induced by injection of 150 μl of a 50% solution of CFA in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) into the plantar surface of the right hind paw in rats; control animals received only PBS treatment. Thermal hyperalgesia was assessed 48 hours post CFA injection. Thermal hyperalgesia was determined using a commercially available thermal paw stimulator (University Anesthesiology Research and Development Group (UARDG), University of California, San Diego, Calif.) described by Hargreaves et al. (Hargreaves, et. al., 1988, Pain 32, 77). Rats were placed into individual plastic cubicles mounted on a glass surface maintained at 30° C., and allowed a 20 min habituation period. A thermal stimulus, in the form of radiant heat emitted from a focused projection bulb, was then applied to the plantar surface of each hind paw. The stimulus current was maintained at 4.50±0.05 amp, and the maximum time of exposure was set at 20.48 sec to limit possible tissue damage. The elapsed time until a brisk withdrawal of the hind paw from the thermal stimulus was recorded automatically using photodiode motion sensors. The right and left hind paw of each rat was tested in three sequential trials at approximately 5-minute intervals. Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was calculated as the mean of the two shortest latencies.

Representative compounds of the present invention showed efficacy at less than about 300 micromoles/kg in the Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain. In a more preferred embodiment, compounds of the present invention showed efficacy at less than about 50 micromoles/kg in the Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain.

Spinal Nerve Ligation Model of Neuropathic Pain

A model of spinal nerve ligation-induced (SNL model) neuropathic pain was produced using the procedure originally described by Kim and Chung (Kim, S. H. and J. M. Chung, 1992, An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat, Pain 50, 355). The left L5 and L6 spinal nerves of the rat were isolated adjacent to the vertebral column and tightly ligated with a 5-0 silk suture distal to the DRG, and care was taken to avoid injury of the L4 spinal nerve. Sham rats underwent the same procedure, but without nerve ligation. All animals were allowed to recover for at least one week and not more than three weeks prior to assessment of tactile allodynia.

Tactile allodynia was measured using calibrated von Frey filaments (Stoelting, Wood Dale, Ill.) as previously described (Chaplan, S. R., F. W. Bach, J. W. Pogrel, J. M. Chung and T. L. Yaksh, 1994, Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw, J. Neurosci. Methods 53, 55). Rats were placed into inverted individual plastic containers (20×12.5×20 cm) on top of a suspended wire mesh grid, and acclimated to the test chambers for 20 minutes. The von Frey filaments were presented perpendicularly to the plantar surface of the selected hind paw, and then held in this position for approximately 8 sec with enough force to cause a slight bend in the filament. Positive responses included an abrupt withdrawal of the hind paw from the stimulus, or flinching behavior immediately following removal of the stimulus. A 50% withdrawal threshold was determined using an up-down procedure (Dixon, W. J., 1980, Efficient analysis of experimental observations, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 20, 441). Only rats with a baseline threshold score of less that 4.25 g were used in this study, and animals demonstrating motor deficit were excluded. Tactile allodynia thresholds were also assessed in several control groups, including naive, sham-operated, and saline infused animals a well as in the contralateral paws of nerve-injured rats.

Representative compounds of the present invention showed efficacy at less than about 300 micromoles/kg in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. In a more preferred embodiment, compounds of the present invention showed efficacy at less than about 100 micromoles/kg in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain.

The data contained herein demonstrates that compounds of the present invention bind to the CB₂ receptor. Certain compounds of the present invention were shown to have an analgesic effect in two types of animal pain models relating to neuropathic and nociceptive pain.

In addition to the data contained herein, several lines of evidence support the assertion that CB₂ receptors play a role in analgesia. For example, Zimmer et al. have reported that the nonselective cannabinoid agonist Δ⁹-THC retains some analgesic efficacy in CB₁ receptor knockout mice (Zimmer, A., et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1999, 96, 5780-5785). HU-308 is one of the first highly selective CB₂ agonists identified that elicits an antinociceptive response in the rat formalin model of persistent pain (Hanus, L., et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1999, 96, 14228-14233). The CB₂-selective cannabiniod ligand AM-1241 exhibits robust analgesic efficacy in animal models of acute thermal pain (Malan, T. P., et al., Pain, 2001, 93, 239-245; Ibrahim, M. M., et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2005, 102(8), 3093-3098), persistent pain (Hohmann, A. G., et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2004, 308, 446-453), inflammatory pain (Nackley, A. G., et al., Neuroscience, 2003, 119, 747-757; Quartilho, A. et al., Anesthesiology, 2003, 99, 955-60), and neuropathic pain (Ibrahim, M. M., et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2003, 100, 10529-10533). The CB₂-selective partial agonist GW405833, also known as L768242, is efficacious in rodent models of neuropathic, incisional, and both chronic and acute inflammatory pain (Valenzano, K. J., et al., Neuropharmacology, 2005, 48, 658-672 and Clayton, N., et al., Pain, 2002, 96, 253-260). The analgesic effects induced by these CB₂-selective ligands are blocked by CB₂ and not by CB₁ receptor antagonists. Furthermore, at fully efficacious doses, AM-1241 and GW405833 are devoid of typical CB₁ receptor-mediated CNS side effects, providing evidence that modulation of CB₂ receptors can produce broad-spectrum pain relief with reduced side-effect liability.

The potential exists for CB₂ modulators to have opioid sparing effects. A synergy between the analgesic effects of morphine and the nonselective CB agonist Δ⁹-THC has been documented (Cichewicz, D. L., Life Sci. 2004, 74, 1317-1324). Therefore, CB₂ ligands have additive or synergistic analgesic effects when used in combination with lower doses of morphine or other opioids, providing a strategy for reducing adverse opioid events, such as tolerance, constipation, and respiratory depression, without sacrificing analgesic efficacy.

CB₂ receptors are present in tissues and cell types associated with immune functions and CB₂ receptor mRNA is expressed by human B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells (Galiegue et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 1995, 232, 54-61). Studies with CB₂ knockout mice have suggested a role for CB₂ receptors in modulating the immune system (Buckley, N. E., et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 396, 141-149). Although immune cell development and differentiation are similar in knockout and wild type animals, the immunosuppressive effects of Δ⁹-THC are absent in the CB₂ receptor knockout mice, providing evidence for the involvement of CB₂ receptors in immunomodulation. As such, selective CB₂ modulators are useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases including but not limited to multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and hepatitis; and immune related disorders including but not limited to tissue rejection in organ transplants, gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, bronchitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis, and Sjogren's syndrome.

Microglial cells are considered to be the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) where they regulate the initiation and progression of immune responses. They are quiescent and resting having a ramified morphology as long as the CNS is healthy. Microglia express a variety of receptors enabling them to survey the CNS and respond to pathological events. Insult or injury to the CNS leads to microglial cell activation, which is characterized by various morphological changes allowing response to the lesion. Ramifications are retracted and microglia are transformed into amoeboid-like cells with phagocytic function. They can proliferate, rapidly migrate to the site of injury, and produce and release cytokines, chemokines and complement components (Watkins L. R., et al., Trends in Neuroscience, 2001, 24(8), 450; Kreutzberg, G. W., Trends Neurosci., 1996, 19, 312-318). CB₂ receptor expression on microglia is dependent upon inflammatory state with higher levels of CB₂ found in primed, proliferating, and migrating microglia relative to resting or fully activated microglial (Carlisle, S. J., et al. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2002, 2, 69). Neuroinflammation induces many changes in microglia cell morphology and there is an upregulation of CB₂ receptors and other components of the endocannabinoid system. It is conceivable that CB₂ receptors may be more susceptible to pharmacological effects during neuroinflammation (Walter, L., Stella, N., Br. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 141, 775-785). Neuroinflammation occurs in several neurodegenerative diseases, and induction of microglial CB₂ receptors has been observed (Carrier, E. J., et al., Current Drug Targets—CNS & Neurological Disorders, 2005, 4, 657-665). Thus, CB₂ ligands may be clinically useful for the treatment of neuroinflammation.

CB₂ receptor expression has been detected in perivascular microglial cells within normal, healthy human cerebellum (Nunez, E., et al., Synapse, 2004, 58, 208-213). Perivascular cells are immunoregulatory cells located adjacent to CNS blood vessels and, along with parenchymal microglia and astrocytes, they play a pivotal role in maintaining CNS homeostasis and blood-brain barrier functionality (Williams, K., et al., Glia, 2001, 36, 156-164). CB₂ receptor expression has also been detected on cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells, which represent a main component of the blood-brain barrier (Golech, S. A., et al., Mol. Brain. Res., 2004, 132, 87-92). A recent report demonstrated that CB₂ receptor expression is up-regulated in the brains of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus-induced encephalitis (Benito, C., et al., J. Neurosci. 2005, 25(10), 2530-2536). Thus, compounds that affect CB₂ signaling may protect the blood-brain barrier and be clinically useful in the treatment of neuroinflammation and a variety of neuroinflammatory disorders including retroviral encephalitis, which occurs with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the CNS.

Multiple sclerosis is common immune-mediated disease of the CNS in which the ability of neurons to conduct impulses becomes impaired through demyelination and axonal damage. The demyelination occurs as a consequence of chronic inflammation and ultimately leads to a broad range of clinical symptoms that fluctuate unpredictably and generally worsen with age. These include painful muscle spasms, tremor, ataxia, motor weakness, sphincter dysfunction, and difficulty speaking (Pertwee, R. G., Pharmacol. Ther. 2002, 95, 165-174). The CB₂ receptor is up-regulated on activated microglial cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (Maresz, K., et al., J. Neurochem. 2005, 95, 437-445). CB₂ receptor activation prevents the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as leukocytes into the CNS (Ni, X., et al., Multiple Sclerosis, 2004, 10, 158-164) and plays a protective role in experimental, progressive demyelination (Arevalo-Martin, A.; et al., J. Neurosci., 2003, 23(7), 2511-2516), which are critical features in the development of multiple sclerosis. Thus, CB₂ receptor modulators provide a unique treatment for demyelinating pathologies.

Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder accounting for the most common form of elderly dementia. Recent studies have revealed that CB₂ receptor expression is upregulated in neuritic plaque-associated microglia from brains of Alzheimer's disease patients (Benito, C., et al., J. Neurosci., 2003, 23(35), 11136-11141). In vitro, treatment with the CB₂ agonist JWH-133 abrogated β-amyloid-induced microglial activation and neurotoxicity, effects that can be blocked by the CB₂ antagonist SR144528 (Ramirez, B. G., et al., J. Neurosci. 2005, 25(8), 1904-1913). CB₂ modulators possess both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions and thus have clinical utility in treating neuroinflammation and in providing neuroprotection associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Increased levels of epithelial CB₂ receptor expression are observed in human inflammatory bowel disease tissue (Wright, K., et al., Gastroenterology, 2005, 129, 437-453). Activation of CB₂ receptors re-established normal gastrointestinal transit after endotoxic inflammation was induced in rats (Mathison, R., et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 142, 1247-1254). CB₂ receptor activation in a human colonic epithelial cell line inhibited TNF-α-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) release (Ihenetu, K. et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 458, 207-215). Chemokines released from the epithelium, such as the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8, are upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease (Warhurst, A. C., et al., Gut, 1998, 42, 208-213). Thus, administration of CB₂ receptor modulators represents a novel approach for the treatment of inflammation and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract including but not limited to inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, secretory diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Hepatic fibrosis occurs as a response to chronic liver injury and ultimately leads to cirrhosis, which is a major worldwide health issue due to the severe accompanying complications of portal hypertension, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (Lotersztajn, S., et al., Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2005, 45, 605-628). Although CB₂ receptors were not detectable in normal human liver, CB₂ receptors were expressed liver biopsy specimens from patients with cirrhosis. Activation of CB₂ receptors in cultured hepatic myofibroblasts produced potent antifibrogenic effects (Julien, B., et al., Gastroenterology, 2005, 128, 742-755). In addition, CB₂ knockout mice developed enhanced liver fibrosis after chronic administration of carbon tetrachloride relative to wild-type mice. Administration of CB₂ receptor modulators represents a unique approach for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

CB₂ receptors are involved in the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms induced by the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) (Molina-Holgado, F., et al., J. Neurosci., 2003, 23(16), 6470-6474). IL-1ra is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine that protects against ischemic, excitotoxic, and traumatic brain insults. CB₂ receptors play a role in mediating these neuroprotective effects indicating that CB₂ ligands are useful in the treatment of traumatic brain injury, stroke, and in mitigating brain damage.

Cough is a dominant and persistent symptom of many inflammatory lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, viral infections, and pulmonary fibrosis (Patel, H. J., et al., Brit. J. Pharmacol., 2003, 140, 261-268). Recent studies have provided evidence for the existence of neuronal CB₂ receptors in the airways, and have demonstrated a role for CB₂ receptor activation in cough suppression (Patel, H. J., et al., Brit. J. Pharmacol., 2003, 140, 261-268 and Yoshihara, S., et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2004, 170, 941-946). Both exogenous and endogenous cannabinoid ligands inhibit the activation of C-fibers via CB₂ receptors and reduce neurogenic inflammatory reactions in airway tissues (Yoshihara, S., et al., J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2005, 98(1), 77-82; Yoshihara, S., et al., Allergy and Immunology, 2005, 138, 80-87). Thus, CB₂-selective modulators have utility as antitussive agents for the treatment pulmonary inflammation, chronic cough, and a variety of airway inflammatory diseases including but not limited to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis.

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by reduced bone mass, which leads to deterioration of bone microstructure and increased susceptibility to fracture. Age is associated with bone loss and it is estimated that 50% of all Caucasian women will have osteoporosis by the age of 80 (Ralston, S. H., Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2003, 3, 286-290). There is a substantial genetic contribution to bone mass density and the CB₂ receptor gene is associated with human osteoporosis (Karsak, M., et al., Human Molecular Genetics, 2005, 14(22), 3389-3396). Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are largely responsible for maintaining bone structure and function through a process called remodeling, which involves resorption and synthesis of bone (Boyle, W. J., et al., Nature, 2003, 423, 337-342). CB₂ receptor expression has been detected on osteoclasts and osteoblastic precursor cells, and administration of a CB₂ agonist in mice caused a dose-dependent increase in bone formation (Grotenhermen, F. and Muller-Vahl, K., Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2003, 4(12), 2367-2371). Cannabinoid inverse agonists, including the CB₂-selective inverse agonist SR144528, have been shown to inhibit osteoclast activity and reverse ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice, which is a model for post-menopausal osteoporosis (Ralston, S. H., et al., Nature Medicine, 2005, 11, 774-779). Thus, CB₂ modulators are useful for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone disorders.

Artherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and is a leading cause of heart disease and stroke. CB₂ receptors have been detected in both human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques. Administration of low doses of THC in apolipoprotein E knockout mice slowed the progression of atherosclerotic lesions, and these effects were inhibited by the CB₂-selective antagonist SR144528 (Steffens, S., et al., Nature, 2005, 434, 782-786). Thus, compounds with activity at the CB₂ receptor are clinically useful for the treatment of atheroscelorsis.

CB₂ receptors are expressed on malignant cells of the immune system and targeting CB₂ receptors to induce apoptosis may constitute a novel approach to treating malignancies of the immune system. Selective CB₂ agonists induce regression of malignant gliomas (Sanchez, C., et al., Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 5784-5789), skin carcinomas (Casanova, M. L., et al., J. Clin. Invest., 2003, 111, 43-50), and lymphomas (McKallip, R. J., et al., Blood, 2002, 15(2), 637-634). Thus, CB₂ modulators have utility as anticancer agents against tumors of immune origin.

Activation of CB₂ receptors has been demonstrated to protect the heart against the deleterious effects of ischemia and reperfusion (Lepicier, P., et al., Brit. J. Pharm. 2003, 139, 805-815; Bouchard, J.-F., et al., Life Sci. 2003, 72, 1859-1870; Filippo, C. D., et al., J. Leukoc. Biol. 2004, 75, 453-459). Thus, CB₂ modulators have utility for the treatment or prophylaxis of cardiovascular disease and the development of myocardial infarction.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions that comprise compounds of the present invention. The pharmaceutical compositions comprise compounds of the present invention formulated together with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other mammals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally, topically (as by powders, ointments or drops), bucally or as an oral or nasal spray. The term “parenterally,” as used herein, refers to modes of administration that include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” as used herein, means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as, but not limited to, lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as, but not limited to, corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as, but not limited to, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as, but not limited to, cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as, but not limited to, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such as propylene glycol; esters such as, but not limited to, ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as, but not limited to, magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as, but not limited to, sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention for parenteral injection comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use. Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like), vegetable oils (such as olive oil), injectable organic esters (such as ethyl oleate) and suitable mixtures thereof. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions and by the use of surfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents, which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of the drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions, which are compatible with body tissues.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium just prior to use.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound may be mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol and silicic acid; b) binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and acacia; c) humectants such as glycerol; d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates and sodium carbonate; e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin; f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds; g) wetting agents such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such carriers as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well-known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and may also be of a composition such that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned carriers.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions may also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar, tragacanth and mixtures thereof.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating carriers or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at room temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposomes. As is known in the art, liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes can be used. The present compositions in liposome form can contain, in addition to a compound of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients and the like. The preferred lipids are natural and synthetic phospholipids and phosphatidyl cholines (lecithins) used separately or together.

Methods to form liposomes are known in the art. See, for example, Prescott, Ed., Methods in Cell Biology, Volume XIV, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. (1976), p. 33 et seq.

Dosage forms for topical administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives, buffers or propellants, which may be required. Opthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

Actual dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active compound(s) that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, compositions and mode of administration. The selected dosage level will depend upon the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the severity of the condition being treated and the condition and prior medical history of the patient being treated.

When used in the above or other treatments, a therapeutically effective amount of one of the compounds of the present invention can be employed in pure form or, where such forms exist, in pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug form. The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” of the compound of the invention means a sufficient amount of the compound to treat disorders, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgement. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, means salts derived from inorganic or organic acids. The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of compounds of Formula (J) or separately by reacting the free base of a compound of Formula (I) with an inorganic or organic acid. Representative acid addition salts include, but are not limited to, acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, fumarate, methanesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, sulfate, (L) tartrate, (D) tartrate, (DL) tartrate, thiocyanate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and undecanoate.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” or “prodrug,” as used herein, represents those prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like. Prodrugs of the present invention may be rapidly transformed in vivo to compounds of Formula (I), for example, by hydrolysis in blood.

The present invention contemplates compounds of Formula (I) formed by synthetic means or formed by in vivo biotransformation.

The compounds of the invention can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms, such as hemi-hydrates. In general, the solvated forms, with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water and ethanol among others, are equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the invention.

The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a human or lower animal may range from about 0.003 to about 30 mg/kg/day. For purposes of oral administration, more preferable doses can be in the range of from about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg/day. If desired, the effective daily dose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration; consequently, single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. 

1. A compound of Formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, arylalkyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, azidoalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, haloalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclealkyl, heterocyclealkylcarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, (NR_(C)R_(D))alkyl, -LOR₂, -LSR₂, -LS(O)R₂, and -LS(O)₂R₂; L is alkylene; R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, carboxyalkenylcarbonyl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkenylcarbonyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, and (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkylcarbonyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, and haloalkyl; R₄ is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, wherein the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and cyclopentyl are substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, oxo, —NR_(E)R_(F), (NR_(E)R_(F))alkyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))carbonyl, (NR_(G)R^(H))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(G)R^(H))sulfonyl, and (NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonylalkyl, wherein the cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, oxo, —NR_(E)R_(F), (NR_(E)R_(F))alkyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))carbonyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonyl, and (NR_(G)R_(H))sulfonylalkyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkoxysulfonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfinylalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkylsulfonyloxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkoxy, arylalkyl, arylalkylthio, arylcarbonyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylthio, arylthioalkyl, carboxy, carboxyalkenyl, carboxyalkenylcarbonyl, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, carboxyalkylcarbonyl, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, cyanoalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkoxy, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryloxyalkyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkoxy, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, heterocyclealkyl, heterocycleoxy, heterocycleoxyalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl, (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(M)R_(N))sulfonyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))sulfonylalkyl; R_(A), R_(B), R_(G), R_(H), R_(M), and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; and R_(C), R_(D), R_(E), R_(E), R_(J), R_(K), are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycle, heterocyclealkyl, heterocyclesulfonyl, and heterocyclealkylsulfonyl.
 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, arylalkyl, azidoalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclealkyl, heterocyclealkylcarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, (NR_(C)R_(D))alkyl, and -LOR₂; L is alkylene; R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, and carboxyalkenylcarbonyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cycloheptyl, wherein the cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and cyclopentyl are substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and halogen; R₅, R₇, and R₈ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkoxy, alkyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylalkoxy, carboxy, carboxyalkenylcarbonyloxy, carboxy, carboxyalkylcarbonyloxy, cyano, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, heterocyclealkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, —NR_(J)R_(K), (NR_(J)R_(K))alkoxy, (NR_(J)R_(K))alkyl, and (NR_(M)R_(N))carbonyl; R_(A), R_(B), R_(M), and R_(N) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; and R_(C), R_(D), R_(J), R_(K), are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl.
 3. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; and R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl.
 4. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; and R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl.
 5. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is heteroarylalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; and R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl.
 6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is arylalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; and R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl.
 7. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, azidoalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclealkylcarbonyl, mercaptoalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))carbonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, (NR_(A)R_(B))sulfonylalkyl, and (NR_(C)R_(D))alkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; R_(A) and R_(B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl; and R_(C) and R_(D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, and alkylsulfonyl.
 8. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is -LOR₂; R₂ is selected from the group consisting of alkylcarbonyl, arylalkyl, and carboxyalkenylcarbonyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl; and L is alkylene.
 9. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is hydroxyalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; and R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl.
 10. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is alkylthioalkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; and R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl.
 11. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; and R₄ is 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-methylcyclobutyl.
 12. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R₁ is heterocyclealkyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl wherein the alkyl is methyl; and R₄ is cycloheptyl.
 13. A compound selected from the group consisting of {1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone p-toluenesulfonic acid; [1-(2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone p-toluenesulfonic acid; {1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone p-toluenesulfonic acid; tert-butyl 4-(2-{3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate; [1-(2-Piperidin-4-yl-ethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-cyclopropyl)-methanone p-toluenesulfonic acid; {1-[2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone p-toluenesulfonic acid; [1-(2-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone p-toluenesulfonic acid; (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)[1-(2-thien-2-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone; [1-(2-methoxyethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 1-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; 1-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, (1-[2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)[1-(2-thien-3-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone; {1-[2-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone p-toluenesulfonic acid; [1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {1-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; (1-{2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethyl}-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-pyridin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {1-[4-(benzyloxy)butyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-piperidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {1-[4-(methylthio)butyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-azepan-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-piperazin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone tris-trifluoroacetic acid; {1-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 3-(2-{3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one; [1-(tetrahydrofuran-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; (2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)[1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone; (1-[2-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {1-[2-(benzyloxy)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {1-[3-(benzyloxy)propyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {1-[5-(benzyloxy)pentyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(5-hydroxypentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(3-methoxypropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylacetyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; methyl 4-({3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}methyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate; 3-{3 [(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl)propanamide; 6-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl} hexan-2-one; {1-[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [2-methyl-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-4-nitro-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [4-amino-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; cycloheptyl[1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone; (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-methylcyclobutyl)[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone; 4-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}butyl acetate; 4-oxo-4-(4-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}butoxy)but-2-enoic acid; [6-chloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 4-({3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl)methyl)phenyl acetate; [1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone, [6-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [6-hydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 4-oxo-4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-6-yl}oxy)but-2-enoic acid; [6-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {1-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; (1-benzyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [7-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(3-methoxybenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-hydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [7-hydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 4-oxo-4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}oxy)but-2-enoic acid; [7-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; methyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxylate; 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3[{(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid; {1-[(5-chloro-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 4-oxo-4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)but-2-enoic acid; [1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; ethyl 3-[({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-6-yl}carbonyl)amino]propanoate; [5-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [4-(benzyloxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxamide, 1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-7-carboxylic acid; 2-morpholin-4-ylethyl 1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-7- carboxylate; [4-hydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [4-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [6-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropypmethanone; [6-(benzyloxy)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [6-hydroxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [6-methoxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 4-oxo-4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)butanoic acid; (2,2-dichloro-1-methylcyclopropyl)[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone; [1-(4-azidobutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(2-azidoethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; N-(4-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}butyl)methanesulfonamide; ethyl 4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)butanoate; [1-(3-azidopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {1-[(2S)-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-(4-hydroxybutoxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-(4-bromobutoxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(5-azidopentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; N-(2-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)methanesulfonamide; methyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxylate; N-(3-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl} propyl)methanesulfonamide; N-(5-{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}pentyl)methanesulfonamide; [5-(4-aminobutoxy)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-hydroxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; (2E)-4-({1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid; [5-methoxy-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; N-[4-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)butyl]methanesulfonamide; 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide; N-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide; 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]1H-indole-5-carbonitrile; [5-(benzyloxy)-6-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; N,N-dimethyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide, N-heptyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-5-carboxamide; [5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; (2E)-4-({6-methoxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}oxy)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid; (5-(benzyloxy)-1-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-(aminomethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; {5-hydroxy-1-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-ylmethyl}-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; N-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}methyl)methanesulfonamide; {5-(benzyloxy)-1[4-(benzyloxy)butyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [6-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxybutyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carbonitrile; [1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [6-(aminomethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; N-({1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-6-yl}methyl)methanesulfonamide; [5,6-dihydroxy-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl {3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}acetic acid; ethyl tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl{3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}acetate; tert-butyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-ylcarbamate; [5-amino-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanonel; [4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; N-{1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}methanesulfonamide; [5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-(methoxymethyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; 3-(2-{5-hydroxy-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one; 3-(2-{5-(benzyloxy)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indol-1-yl}ethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one; N-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxamide; N,N-dimethyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxamide; N-ethyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-3-[(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxamide; [1-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [1-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-bromo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-phenyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-chloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [6-bromo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [6-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [6-phenyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; [5-fluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone; and 2-oxatricyclo[3.3.1.1˜3,7˜]dec-1-yl[1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]methanone.
 14. (canceled)
 15. A method of providing neuroprotection or treating pain, nociceptive pain, or neuropathic pain, or a disorder selected from the group consisting of inflammatory disorders, immune disorders, neurological disorders, cancers of the immune system, respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular disorders in a mammal in need of such treatment comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 16.-19. (canceled)
 20. A method of treating a disorder selected from the group consisting of inflammatory disorders, immune disorders, neurological disorders, cancers of the immune system, respiratory disorders, and cardiovascular disorders in a mammal in need thereof of such treatment comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable sale thereof. 